Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder risk factors
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2], Haleigh Williams, B.S.
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are child abuse, infections of the central nervous system, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of ADHD are:[1][2]
- Alcohol exposure in utero
- Brain injury
- Child abuse
- Epilepsy
- First-degree biological relative of individuals with ADHD
- Genetic predilection
- Infections of the central nervous system (e.g., encephalitis)
- Low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams)
- Male gender
- Metabolic abnormalities
- Multiple foster placements
- Neglect
- Neurotoxin exposure in utero or during youth (e.g., lead)
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Pessimistic outlook
- Reduced behavioral inhibition
- Sleep disorders
- Smoking during pregnancy
- Visual and hearing impairments
References
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
- ↑ National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). (2016). “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.”
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