Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (patient information)

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs when antibodies form against the body’s own red blood cells and destroy them. This happens because the immune system mistakenly recognizes these blood cells as foreign.

You may not have symptoms if the anemia is mild. If the problem develops slowly, symptoms that may occur first include:

• Feeling grumpy
• Feeling weak or tired more often than usual, or with exercise
• Headaches
• Problems concentrating or thinking

If the anemia gets worse, symptoms may include:

• Blue color to the whites of the eyes
• Brittle nails
• Light-headedness when you stand up
• Pale skin color (pallor)
• Shortness of breath
• Sore tongue

Possible causes include:

• Certain chemicals, drugs, and toxins
• Infections
• Transfusion of blood from a donor with a blood type that does not match
• Certain cancers

When antibodies form against red blood cells for no reason, the condition is called idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

The antibodies may also be caused by:

• Complication of another disease
• Past blood transfusions
• Pregnancy (if the baby’s blood type is different from the mother’s)

Risk factors are related to the causes.

Call your healthcare provider if you have unexplained fatigue or chest pain, or signs of infection.

• Absolute reticulocyte count
• Direct or indirect Coombs’ test
• Hemoglobin in the urine
• LDH (level of this enzyme rises as a result of tissue damage)
• Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin, and hematocrit
• Serum bilirubin levels
• Serum free hemoglobin
• Serum haptoglobin

The first treatment tried is usually a steroid medication, such as prednisone. If steroid medications do not improve the condition, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be considered.

You may receive treatment to suppress your immune system if you do not respond to steroids and splenectomy. Medications such as azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), and rituximab (Rituxan) have been used.

Blood transfusions are given with caution because the blood may not be compatible and it may cause more red blood cell destruction.

Directions to Hospitals Treating Thrombocytopenia

The disease may start quickly and be very serious, or it may stay mild and not need special treatment.

In most people, steroids or splenectomy can totally or partially control anemia.

Severe anemia rarely leads to death. Severe infection may occur as a complication of treatment with steroids, other medicines that suppress the immune system, or splenectomy. These treatments impair the body’s ability to fight infection.

Screening for antibodies in donated blood and in the recipient may prevent hemolytic anemia related to blood transfusions.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000576.htm