Bowel obstruction causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
Small bowel obstruction causes include post-adbominal surgery adhesions, foreign bodies and intussusception. Large bowel obstruction causes include neoplasms, hernias and constipation. Miscellaneous causes include, paralytic ileus and Down syndrome. Causes by organ system include, ovarian cancer, bowel strangulation and ascariasis. Mechanical obstruction can be caused by pregnancy, Hirschsprung’s disease and Crohn’s disease. Non-mechanical obstruction may be caused by ovarian torsion, pancreatitis and lead poisoning. Drug induced bowel obstruction can occur by intake of lanthanum carbonate, methscopolamine bromide, and teduglutide.
Causes
Causes by Localization
Small bowel obstruction
Causes of small bowel obstruction include:[1]
- Adhesions
- From previous abdominal surgery
- Carcinoid tumor
- Rare, preferred location is the ileum
- Crohn’s disease
- Causes adhesions or inflammatory strictures
- Foreign bodies
- Including gallstones in gallstone ileus and swallowed objects
- Hernia
- Especially hernias containing bowel
- Intestinal atresia
- Intussusception
- Specifically in children
- Ischaemic strictures
- Neoplasms
- Volvulus
Large bowel obstruction
Causes of large bowel obstruction include:[1]
- Neoplasms
- Hernias
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Volvulus
- Specifically sigmoid, caecal, and colonic volvulus
- Faecal impaction
- Colon atresia
- Benign strictures
- Such as those that occur with diverticular disease
Outlet obstruction
- Functional outlet obstruction
- Internal anal sphincter spasm
- Short-segment Hirschsprung’s disease
- Chagas disease
- Hereditary internal sphincter myopathy
- Spasm of the striated pelvic floor muscles
- Mechanical outlet obstruction
- Impaired rectal sensitivity
- Megarectum
- Rectal hyposensitivity
Causes by organ system
- Miscellaneous syndromes[2][3]
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Autosomal dominant conditions
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
- Malignant neoplastic conditions
- Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions:
- Bowel strangulation
- Femoral hernia
- Ileus
- Inguinal hernia
- Intestinal stricture
- Intestinal volvulus
- Intussusception
- Large bowel obstruction
- Obturator hernia
- Peritoneal adhesions
- Small bowel obstruction
- Infectious disorders
- Ascariasis
- Intra-abdominal sepsis
- Pneumonia
- Drug Induced
Causes by mechanism
Mechanical bowel obstruction
- Adenomatous polyps[4][5]
- Adhesions
- Adhesive bands
- Annular pancreas
- Ascariasis
- Atresia
- Biliary calculus
- Bowel duplication
- Carcinomatosis
- Colon Cancer
- Congenital megacolon
- Crohn’s Disease
- Cysts
- Diverticular stricture
- Diverticulitis
- Endometriosis
- Foreign body
- Gallstone ileus
- Hematoma of the bowel wall
- Hernia
- Hirschprung’s disease
- Iatrogenic
- Imperforate anus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Intrabdominal abscess
- Intussusception
- Ischemia
- Malrotation
- Meckel’s Diverticulum
- Megacolon
- Multiple polyposis syndromes
- Neoplasm
- Ovarian Cancer
- Pneumatosis intestinalis
- Iatrogenic
- Pregnancy
- Radiation induced stenosis
- Sarcoma
- Scleroderma
- Surgical anastomosis
- Therapy with dietary fiber
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Volvulus
Non-mechanical bowel obstruction
- Acid-base imbalance
- Acute pancreatitis
- Apoplexy
- Brain tumor
- Cancer
- Cholecystolithiasis
- Connective tissue disease
- Diabetic coma
- Empyema
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Lymphoma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Mesenteric infarction
- Meropenem
- Osteomyelitis of the spine
- Ovarian torsion
- Pancreatitis
- Penetrating wounds
- Perinephric abscess
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Peritonitis
- Pneumonia
- Porphyria
- Iatrogenic
- Psoas abscess
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal colic
- Retroperitoneal hematoma
- Spinal cord inflammation
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal cord trauma
- Systemic infection
- Testicular torsion
- Ulcer perforation
- Uremia
- Urosepsis
- Vitamin deficiency
Pseudo-bowel obstruction
- Aerophagia
- Functional bowel disease
Drug induced
- Lanthanum carbonate
- Methscopolamine bromide
- Teduglutide
- Morphine
- Narcotics
- Anticholinergics
- Antihistamines
- Catecholamines
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gore RM, Silvers RI, Thakrar KH, Wenzke DR, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Berlin JW (2015). “Bowel Obstruction”. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 53 (6): 1225–40. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2015.06.008. PMID 26526435.
- ↑ Mucha P (1987). “Small intestinal obstruction”. Surg. Clin. North Am. 67 (3): 597–620. PMID 3296252.
- ↑ Miller G, Boman J, Shrier I, Gordon PH (2000). “Etiology of small bowel obstruction”. Am. J. Surg. 180 (1): 33–6. PMID 11036136.
- ↑ Markogiannakis H, Messaris E, Dardamanis D, Pararas N, Tzertzemelis D, Giannopoulos P, Larentzakis A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A, Bramis I (2007). “Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome”. World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (3): 432–7. PMC 4065900. PMID 17230614.
- ↑ Kozol R (2012). “Mechanical bowel obstruction: a tale of 2 eras”. Arch Surg. 147 (2): 180. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.1415. PMID 22351916.
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