Cervicitis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.^[2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]

Cervicitis is caused by infectious ^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]} and non-infectious causes. The infectious causes are most commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for the majority of cases. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex (especially primary HSV-2 infection), or M. genitalium are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms.

Cervicitis may be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.

The most common causes of infectious cervicitis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that include:^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]}

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Gonorrhea
• Herpes simplex virus (genital herpes) mostly type 2
• Human papillomavirus (genital warts)
• Mycoplasma genitalium
• Trichomoniasis

Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:

• Behcet’s syndrome

• Cervical cap

• Contraceptive creams

• Contraceptive diaphragm

• Foreign bodies

• Intrauterine device
• Local trauma to the cervix

• Latex condom

• Malignancy

• Radiation therapy

• Reactive arthritis

• Reiter’s disease

• Spermicides

• Surgical instruments

• Reinfection with C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae is not the cause in majority of persistent cases.
• Factors responsible for persistent infection include:
  • Abnormality of vaginal flora,
  • M. genitalium
  • Douching
  • Exposure to other types of chemical irritants
  • Dysplasia
  • Idiopathic inflammation in the zone of ectopy

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia trachomatis, fungi, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, mycoplasma genitalium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, parasites, streptococci group A, trichomonas vaginalis, tuberculosis, viruses
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric / Gynecologic	Nabothian cyst
Oncologic	Malignancy
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Behcet’s syndrome, contraceptive creams, latex condom, reactive arthritis, Reiter’s Disease, spermicides, systemic inflammatory diseases
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cervical cap, contraceptive diaphragm, intrauterine device, pessary, surgical instruments, tampon
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign bodies, radiation therapy, vaginal douches

• Bacterial vaginosis

• Behcet’s syndrome

• Cervical cap

• Chlamydia trachomatis

• Contraceptive creams

• Contraceptive diaphragm

• Foreign bodies

• Fungi

• Herpes simplex virus

• Human papillomavirus

• Intrauterine device

• Latex condom

• Malignancy

• Mycoplasma genitalium

• Nabothian cyst

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Parasites

• Pessary

• Radiation therapy

• Reactive arthritis

• Reiter’s disease

• Spermicides

• Streptococci group A

• Surgical instruments

• Systemic inflammatory diseases

• Tampon

• Trichomonas vaginalis

• Tuberculosis

• Vaginal douches

• Viruses

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