Cholesterol emboli syndrome history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, MD-MPH [2]

Overview

Clinical presentation is variable and depends on the organ involved by cholesterol crystals. Due to cholesterol embolization, many organs such as skin, kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, eyes, and skeletal muscles can be involved.

History

Obtaining the history is the essential for making a diagnosis of cholesterol emboli syndrome. ^[1]
A positive history of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular interventions such as angiography is suggestive of cholesterol emboli syndrome. ^[1]
Clinical presentation is variable and depends on the organ involved by cholesterol crystals.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of cholesterol emboli syndrome include^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
- Non-specific symptoms
- Cutaneous
  - livedo reticularis
  - Blue toe syndrome
  - petechiae and purpura
  - cyanosis
  - Gangrene
- Heart
  - myocardial infarction
- Kidney
  - acute kidney injury
    - nausea, vomiting, electrolyte disturbances
  - chronic kidney failure
  - end stage renal disease
  - focal segmental glomerulonephritis
- Gastrointestinal
  - abdominal pain
  - nausea, vomiting
  - diarrhea
  - GI bleeding
  - bowel ischemia
  - pancreatitis
  - hepatic necrosis
- CNS
- Eye
  - eye pain
  - transient loss of vision or amaurosis fugax
  - blurry vision
- lung
  - alveolar bleeding
- Muscle
  - myositis
  - Rhabdomyolysis

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Ozkok, Abdullah (2019). “
Cholesterol-embolization syndrome: current perspectives
“. Vascular Health and Risk Management. Volume 15: 209–220. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S175150. ISSN 1178-2048.
↑ Falanga, Vincent (1986). “The Cutaneous Manifestations of Cholesterol Crystal Embolization”. Archives of Dermatology. 122 (10): 1194. doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660220112024. ISSN 0003-987X.
↑ Quinones, Adriana; Saric, Muhamed (2013). “The Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome in Atherosclerosis”. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 15 (4). doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0315-y. ISSN 1523-3804.
↑ Saric, Muhamed; Kronzon, Itzhak (2011). “Cholesterol embolization syndrome”. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 26 (6): 472–479. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd. ISSN 0268-4705.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[Ozkok2019-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Ozkok, Abdullah (2019). “
Cholesterol-embolization syndrome: current perspectives
“. Vascular Health and Risk Management. Volume 15: 209–220. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S175150. ISSN 1178-2048.

[Falanga1986-2] Falanga, Vincent (1986). “The Cutaneous Manifestations of Cholesterol Crystal Embolization”. Archives of Dermatology. 122 (10): 1194. doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660220112024. ISSN 0003-987X.

[QuinonesSaric2013-3] Quinones, Adriana; Saric, Muhamed (2013). “The Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome in Atherosclerosis”. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 15 (4). doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0315-y. ISSN 1523-3804.

[SaricKronzon2011-4] Saric, Muhamed; Kronzon, Itzhak (2011). “Cholesterol embolization syndrome”. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 26 (6): 472–479. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd. ISSN 0268-4705.

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