Diabetic nephropathy risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]

Overview

Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be modifiable such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking or non-modifiable such as advanced age and positive family history.

Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy can be subcategorized into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors:

Modifiable risk factors include:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Non-modifiable risk factors include:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Age: advanced age is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy.
Race: African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics are at higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy.
Family history: patients with a family history of diabetic nephropathy are more likely to develop diabetic nephropathy themselves.
Genetic profile: genetic variants in ACE, ALR2, APOC1, APOE, EPO, eNOS, HSPG2, VEGF, FRMD3, CARS, UNC13B, CPVL/CHN2, and GREM1 have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Obesity: obesity is associated with higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071802150.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Lim A (2014). “Diabetic nephropathy – complications and treatment”. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 361–81. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S40172. PMC 4206379. PMID 25342915. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Tziomalos K, Athyros VG (2015). “Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis”. Rev Diabet Stud. 12 (1–2): 110–8. doi:10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110. PMID 26676664.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Nathan DM (1993). “Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus”. N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (23): 1676–85. doi:10.1056/NEJM199306103282306. PMID 8487827.