Diffuse esophageal spasm classification

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Madhu Sigdel M.B.B.S.[2]

Diffuse esophageal spasm can be classified as primary or secondary based on association with other diseases.

• Diffuse esophageal spasm may be classified according to presence or absence of other diseases into 2 subtypes/groups:^[1]
  • Primary
  • Secondary
    • Chagas disease
    • Systemic sclerosis
    • Diabetes
    • Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
    • Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease

• It is also categorized as one of the major disorders of peristalsis according to The Chicago Classification v.3.0.

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