Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
According to a staging system by Kadish, there are four stages of esthesioneuroblastoma based upon the extent of the primary tumor and lymph node or distant metastases. In 1992, Dulguerov and Calceterra proposed a classification based on the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system, predicted on CT and MRI findings that can be identified before treatment.[1][2][3]
Staging
- The most widely used approach is the Kadish clinical staging system. Kadish et al were the first to propose a staging classification for esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB). Esthesioneuroblastomas were divided into three categories: groups A, B, and C.
- Group A is limited to tumors of the nasal fossa.
- Group B, extension is to the paranasal sinuses.
- Group C is defined as extension beyond the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.[1]
- In 1993, Morita et al published a revised Kadish system that redefined stage C (consisting of local disease spreading beyond the paranasal sinuses) and included a stage D (distant metastasis).[2]
- In 1992, Dulguerov and Calceterra proposed a classification based on the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system, which is predicted on CT and MRI findings that can be identified before treatment.[3]
Kadish staging of Esthesioneuroblastoma
|
|
| Stage
|
Features
|
|---|
- Stage A
|
- Tumor is limited to the nasal cavity
|
- Stage B
|
- Tumor is limited to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
|
- Stage C
|
- Extension beyond the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
|
- Stage D
|
- Regional lymph node or distant metastasis
|
T Categories of esthesioneuroblastoma
|
|
| T Classification
|
Thickness
|
|---|
- T1
|
Tumor involvong the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (excluding sphenoid), sparing the most superior ethmoid cells
|
- T2
|
Tumor involving the nasal cavity and/or paranasal sinuses (including the sphenoid), with extention to or erosion of the cribiform plate
|
- T3
|
Tumor extending into the orbit or protruding into the anterior cranial fossa, without dural invasion
|
- T4
|
Tumor involving the brain
|
N Categories of Esthesioneuroblastoma
|
|
| N Lymph Node
|
Features
|
|---|
- N0
|
No cervical lymph node metastasis
|
- N1
|
Any form of cervical lymph node metastases
|
M Categories of Esthesioneuroblastoma
|
|
| N Lymph Node
|
Features
|
|---|
- M0
|
No metastasis
|
- M1
|
Distant Metastases
|
References
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