Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis laboratory tests

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is a test used to detect antibodies attached to Balamuthia amebas in body tissues. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) uses specific antibodies against Balamuthia to detect the amoebas. Finally, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular assay can detect Balamuthia DNA.

Balamuthia Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) is a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord caused by Balamuthia. GAE is often diagnosed only after death. However, it can be diagnosed by examining blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue samples from a living patient as well. Diagnosis of GAE in a living patient is less common because the amoebas are difficult to identify under the microscope, even with commonly used stains[5].

However, there are three types of tests that can help confirm the diagnosis of GAE. The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is a test used to detect antibodies attached to Balamuthia amebas in body tissues. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) uses specific antibodies against Balamuthia to detect the amoebas. Finally, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular assay can detect Balamuthia DNA.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers diagnostic assistance for Balamuthia to physicians and scientists through DPDx.

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