Hematuria risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Adnan Ezici, M.D[2] Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]

Common risk factors in the development of hematuria include recent infection, strenuous exercise or normal exercise under extreme circumstances, males > 50 years old, and female sex (due to the higher prevalence of urinary tract infection). Common risk factors for urinary tract malignancy in patients with hematuria include age >35, analgesic abuse, exposure to chemicals or dyes (benzenes or aromatic amines), male sex, and smoking history.

Common risk factors in the development of hematuria include:

• Recent infection: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy
• Exercise: Long distance runners are prone to exercise-induced urinary bleeding.
• Age: Males older than 50 years have an enlarged prostate that can cause hematuria.
• Sex: 50% of all women suffer from urinary tract infections at least once in their lifetime, which can also cause urinary bleeding.
• History of any of the following:
  • Chronic indwelling foreign body
  • Chronic urinary tract infection
  • Exposure to known carcinogenic agents or alkylating chemotherapeutic agents
  • Gross hematuria
  • Irritative voiding symptoms
  • Pelvic irradiation
  • Urologic disorder or disease

Common risk factors for urinary tract malignancy in patients with hematuria:^[1][2][3]

• Age older than 35 years
• Analgesic abuse
• Exposure to chemicals or dyes (benzenes or aromatic amines)
• Male sex
• Past or current smoking

History of any of the following:

• Chronic indwelling foreign body
• Chronic urinary tract infection
• Exposure to known carcinogenic agents or alkylating chemotherapeutic agents
• Gross hematuria
• Irritative voiding symptoms
• Pelvic irradiation
• Urologic disorder or disease