Hepatic encephalopathy causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ;Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
The most common cause of hepatic encephalopathy is hepatic cirrhosis, drugs/toxins and acute fulminant hepatitis. Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include Wilson’s disease, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, Budd-chiari syndrome, cancer or metastasis to liver), HELLP syndrome(hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) and sepsis.
Causes
Common causes
Common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:[1]
- Hepatic cirrhosis
- Drugs and toxins (acetaminophen[2], amoxicilin/clavulanate[3], halothane[4], iron[5], isoniazid[6] ,carbon tetrachloride[7], Wild mushroom Amanita phalloides[8])
- Acute fulminant viral hepatitis[9]
Less common causes
Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:
- Wilson’s disease[10]
- Alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency[11]
- Autoimmune hepatitis[12]
- Budd-chiari syndrome[13]
- Cancer (primary hepatic cancer or metastasis to liver)[14]
- HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets)[15]
- Sepsis[16]
- Right heart failure[17]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Budd-chiari syndrome |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Drug and toxins(acetaminophen, amoxicilin/clavulanate, halothane, iron, NSAIDs, isoniazid ,carbon tetrachloride, Wild mushroom Amanita phalloides) |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastrohepatic | Hepatic cirrhosis, acute fulminant viral hepatitis, Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, cancer (primary hepatic cancer or metastasis to liver) |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | Porphyria, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Sepsis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
- Cause 1:Acute fulminant viral hepatitis
- Cause 2:Alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency
- Cause 3:Autoimmune hepatitis
- Cause 4:Budd-chiari syndrome
- Cause 5:Cancer
- Cause 6:Drug and toxins
- Cause 7:HELLP syndrome
- Cause 8:Hepatic cirrhosis
- Cause 9:Sepsis
- Cause 10:Wilson’s disease
References
- ↑ Schuppan D, Afdhal NH (2008). “Liver cirrhosis”. Lancet. 371 (9615): 838–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9. PMC 2271178. PMID 18328931.
- ↑ Brusilow SW, Cooper AJ (2011). “Encephalopathy in acute liver failure resulting from acetaminophen intoxication: new observations with potential therapy”. Crit Care Med. 39 (11): 2550–3. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822572fd. PMC 3196740. PMID 21705899.
- ↑ Andrade, R. J.; Tulkens, P. M. (2011). “Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 66 (7): 1431–1446. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr159. ISSN 0305-7453.
- ↑ Habibollahi P, Mahboobi N, Esmaeili S, Safari S, Dabbagh A, Alavian SM (2011). “Halothane-induced hepatitis: A forgotten issue in developing countries: Halothane-induced hepatitis”. Hepat Mon. 11 (1): 3–6. PMC 3206652. PMID 22087107.
- ↑ Castaldo ET, Chari RS (2006). “Liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure”. HPB (Oxford). 8 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1080/13651820500465741. PMC 2131363. PMID 18333235.
- ↑ Khan FY, Rasoul F (2010). “Rifampicin-isoniazid induced fatal fulminant hepatitis during treatment of latent tuberculosis: A case report and literature review”. Indian J Crit Care Med. 14 (2): 97–100. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.68226. PMC 2936741. PMID 20859496.
- ↑ Chang HM, Liao YW, Chiang CH, Chen YJ, Lai YH, Chang YL; et al. (2012). “Improvement of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure by transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells without reprogramming factor c-Myc”. Int J Mol Sci. 13 (3): 3598–617. doi:10.3390/ijms13033598. PMC 3317730. PMID 22489170.
- ↑ Santi L, Maggioli C, Mastroroberto M, Tufoni M, Napoli L, Caraceni P (2012). “Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning”. Int J Hepatol. 2012: 487480. doi:10.1155/2012/487480. PMC 3395149. PMID 22811920.
- ↑ Manka P, Verheyen J, Gerken G, Canbay A (2016). “Liver Failure due to Acute Viral Hepatitis (A-E)”. Visc Med. 32 (2): 80–5. doi:10.1159/000444915. PMC 4926881. PMID 27413724.
- ↑ Ferenci P, Litwin T, Seniow J, Czlonkowska A (2015). “Encephalopathy in Wilson disease: copper toxicity or liver failure?”. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (Suppl 1): S88–95. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.09.002. PMC 4442862. PMID 26041965.
- ↑ Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR (2012). “Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease”. CMAJ. 184 (12): 1365–71. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111749. PMC 3447047. PMID 22761482.
- ↑ Mendizabal M, Marciano S, Videla MG, Anders M, Zerega A, Balderramo DC; et al. (2015). “Fulminant presentation of autoimmune hepatitis: clinical features and early predictors of corticosteroid treatment failure”. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 27 (6): 644–8. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000353. PMID 25923939.
- ↑ Martens P, Nevens F (2015). “Budd-Chiari syndrome”. United European Gastroenterol J. 3 (6): 489–500. doi:10.1177/2050640615582293. PMC 4669515. PMID 26668741.
- ↑ Willson KJ, Nott LM, Broadbridge VT, Price T (2013). “Hepatic encephalopathy associated with cancer or anticancer therapy”. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 6 (1): 11–6. PMC 3597933. PMID 23505573.
- ↑ Pandey CK, Karna ST, Pandey VK, Tandon M (2015). “Acute liver failure in pregnancy: Challenges and management”. Indian J Anaesth. 59 (3): 144–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.153035. PMC 4378074. PMID 25838585.
- ↑ Cotena S, Piazza O (2012). “Sepsis-associated encephalopathy”. Transl Med UniSa. 2: 20–7. PMC 3728775. PMID 23905041.
- ↑ Saner FH, Heuer M, Meyer M, Canbay A, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A; et al. (2009). “When the heart kills the liver: acute liver failure in congestive heart failure”. Eur J Med Res. 14: 541–6. PMC 3351940. PMID 20149988.
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