Hookworm infection

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Hookworm egg – this is what a veterinarian sees in the stool of an infected dog or cat.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Ancylostoma infection.

Overview

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Laboratory Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Differentiating Hookworm infection from other Nematode infections^[1]^[2]
Nematode	Transmission	Direct Person-Person Transmission	Duration of Infection	Pulmonary Manifestation	Location of Adult worm(s)	Treatment
Ascaris lumbricoides	Ingestion of infective ova	No	1-2 years	Löffler’s syndrome (usually about 9-12 days after exposure to ova) Cough Substernal discomfort Crackles Wheezing Transient opacities	Free in the lumen of the small bowel (primarily jejunum)	Albendazole Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate Ivermectin Levamisole Piperazine
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)	Ingestion of infective ova	No	1-3 years	No pulmonary migration, therefore, no pulmonary manifestation	Anchored in the superficial mucosa of cecum and colon	Albendazole Mebendazole
Hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale)	Skin penetration by filariform larvae	No	3-5 years (Necator) 1 year (Ancylostoma)	Löffler’s syndrome Transient opacities	Attached to the mucosa of mid-upper portion of the small bowel	Albendazole Mebendazole Levamisole Pyrantel pamoate
Strongyloides stercoralis	Filariform larvae penetrates skin or bowel mucosa	Yes	Lifetime of the host	Löffler’s syndrome Chronic cough Pneumonia or sepsis in hyperinfection	Embedded in the mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum	Ivermectin Albendazole Thiabendazole
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)	Ingestion of infective ova	Yes	1 month	Extraintestinal migration is very rare^[3]	Free in the lumen of cecum, appendix, adjacent colon	Albendazole Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate Ivermectin Levamisole Piperazine

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

External Links

Template:WH Template:WikiDoc Sources

↑ Durand, Marlene (2015). “Chapter 288:Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)”. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Updated Edition, Eighth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 3199–3207. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
↑ Kim, Kami; Weiss, Louis; Tanowitz, Herbert (2016). “Chapter 39:Parasitic Infections”. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine Sixth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 682–698. ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5.
↑ Serpytis M, Seinin D (2012). “Fatal case of ectopic enterobiasis: Enterobius vermicularis in the kidneys”. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 46 (1): 70–2. doi:10.3109/00365599.2011.609834. PMID 21879805.

[Principles_and_Practice-1] Durand, Marlene (2015). “Chapter 288:Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)”. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases Updated Edition, Eighth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 3199–3207. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.

[Murray_and_Nadel's_Textbook_of_Respiratory_Medicine-2] Kim, Kami; Weiss, Louis; Tanowitz, Herbert (2016). “Chapter 39:Parasitic Infections”. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine Sixth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 682–698. ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5.

[pmid21879805-3] Serpytis M, Seinin D (2012). “Fatal case of ectopic enterobiasis: Enterobius vermicularis in the kidneys”. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 46 (1): 70–2. doi:10.3109/00365599.2011.609834. PMID 21879805.

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