Lipoid pneumonia differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ramyar Ghandriz MD [2]

Overview

Lipod pneumonia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause cough with basilar infiltrates, such as bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, congestive heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and aspiration pneumonia. Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is usually misdiagnosed as community-acquired pneumonia. In patients at risk of aspiration early CT scan is very useful for further diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia. Since lipid-laden pneumonia is very sensitive but may not be very specific, the diagnosis of exogenous lipoid pneumonia is based on the triad of: History of mineral oil ingestion or vaping, compatible radiological findings, and presence of intra-alveolar lipids and/or lipid-laden macrophages.

Differentiating lipoid pneumonia from other Diseases

Lipod pneumonia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause cough with basilar infiltrates, such as bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, congestive heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and aspiration pneumonia.^[1]
Differentiating exogenous lipoid pneumonia from other diseases on the basis of radiologic features and specimen histologic features:^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]
- Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is usually misdiagnosed as community-acquired pneumonia.
- It is considered usually as the initial diagnosis that does not lead to appropriate therapy.
- In patients at risk of aspiration early CT scan is very useful for further diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting intra-alveolar lipid and lipid-laden macrophages.
- Specimens could be brought by:
  - BAL (Broncho Alveolar Lavage)
  - Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration cytology
  - Biopsy from lesion
- Sputum examination has questionable reliability because lipid-laden macrophages in sputum have been demonstrated in the absence of lipoid pneumonia.
- BAL is widely available and the choice of specimen taking today.
- Frozen samples must be stained in order to determine the type of oil.
- Since lipid-laden pneumonia is is very sensitive but may not be very specific, the diagnosis of exogenous lipoid pneumonia is based on the following triad (based on order):

1. History of mineral oil ingestion or vaping
2. Compatible radiological findings
3. Presence of intra-alveolar lipids and/or lipid-laden macrophages

Diseases	CT scan and MRI	EKG	Chest X-ray	Tachypnea	Tachycardia	Fever	Chest Pain	Hemoptysis	Dyspnea on Exertion	Wheezing	Chest Tenderness	Nasalopharyngeal Ulceration	Carotid Bruit	Past medical history	Other Findings
Diseases	Diagnostic tests			Physical Examination			Symptoms							Past medical history	Other Findings
Pulmonary embolism	On CT angiography: Intra-luminal filling defect On MRI: Narrowing of involved vessel No contrast seen distal to obstruction Polo-mint sign (partial filling defect surrounded by contrast)	S1Q3T3 pattern representing acute right heart strain	Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery), Hampton hump, Westermark’s sign	✔	✔	✔ (Low grade)	✔	✔ (In case of massive PE)	✔	–	–	–	–	Hypercoagulating conditions (Factor V Leiden, thrombophilia, deep vein thrombosis, immobilization, malignancy, pregnancy)	May be associated with metabolic alkalosis and syncope
Congestive heart failure	On CT scan: Mediastinal lymphadenopathy Hazy mediastinal fat On MRI: Abnormality of cardiac chambers (hypertrophy, dilation) Delayed enhancement MRI may help characterize the myocardial tissue (fibrosis) Late enhancement of contrast in conditions such as myocarditis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, Anderson-Fabry‘s disease, Chagas disease)	Goldberg’s criteria may aid in diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: (High specificity) SV1 or SV2 + RV5 or RV6 ≥3.5 mV Total QRS amplitude in each of the limb leads ≤0.8 mV R/S ratio <1 in lead V4	Cardiomegaly	✔	✔	✔	–	–	✔	–	–	–	–	Previous myocardial infarction Hypertension (systemic and pulmonary) Cardiac arrythmias Viral infections (myocarditis) Congenital heart defects	Right heart failure associated with: Hepatomegaly Positive hepato-jugular reflex Increased jugular venous pressure Peripheral edema Left heart failure associated with: Pulmonary edema Eventual right heart failure
Percarditis	On contrast enhanced CT scan: Enhancement of the pericardium (due to inflammation) Pericardial effusion Pericardial calcification On gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted MRI: Pericardial enhancement (due to inflammation) Pericardial effusion	ST elevation PR depression	Large collection of fluid inside the pericardial sac (pericardial effusion) Calcification of pericardial sac	✔	✔	✔ (Low grade)	✔ (Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward)	–	✔	–	–	–	–	Infections: Viral (Coxsackie virus, Herpes virus, Mumps virus, HIV) Bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis-common in developing countries) Fungal (Histoplasmosis) Idiopathic in a large number of cases Autoimmune Uremia Malignancy Previous myocardial infarction	May be clinically classified into: Acute (< 6 weeks) Sub-acute (6 weeks – 6 months) Chronic (> 6 months)
Pneumonia	On CT scan: (not generally indicated) Consolidation (alveolar/lobar pneumonia) Peribronchial nodules (bronchopneumonia) Ground-glass opacity (GGO) Abscess Pleural effusion On MRI: Not indicated	Prolonged PR interval Transient T wave inversions	Consolidation (alveolar/lobar pneumonia) Peribronchial nodules (bronchopneumonia) Ground-glass opacity (GGO)	✔	✔	✔	✔	–	✔	✔	–	–	–	Ill-contact Travelling Smoking Diabetic Recent hospitalization Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Requires sputum stain and culture for diagnosis Empiric management usually started before culture results
Vasculitis	On CT scan: (Takayasu arteritis) Vessel wall thickening Luminal narrowing of pulmonary artery Masses or nodules (ANCA-associated granulomatous vasculitis) On MRI: Homogeneous, circumferential vessel wall swelling	Right or left bundle-branch block (Churg-Strauss syndrome) Atrial fibrillation (Churg-Strauss syndrome) Non-specific ST segment and T wave changes	Nodules Cavitation	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	–	✔	✔	✔	Takayasu arteritis usually found in persons aged 4-60 years with a mean of 30 Giant-cell arteritis usually occurrs in persons aged > 60 years Churg-Strauss syndrome may present with asthma, sinusitis, transient pulmonary infiltrates and neuropathy alongwith cardiac involvement Granulomatous vasculitides may present with nephritis and upper airway (nasopharyngeal) destruction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)	On CT scan: Chronic bronchitis may show bronchial wall thickening, scarring with bronchovascular irregularity, fibrosis Emphysema may show alveolar septal destruction and airspace enlargement (Centrilobular- upper lobe, panlobular- lower lobe) Giant bubbles On MRI: Increased diameter of pulmonary arteries Peripheral pulmonary vasculature attentuation Loss of retrosternal airspace due to right ventricular enlargement Hyperpolarized Helium MRI may show progressively poor ventilation and destruction of lung	Multifocal atrial tachycardia (atleast 3 distinct P wave morphologies)	Enlarged lung shadows (emphysema) Flattening of diaphragm (emphysema)	✔	✔	–	–	–	✔	✔	–	–	–	Smoking Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Increased sputum production (chronic bronchitis) Cough	Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency may be associated with hepatomegaly

References

↑ Bell MM (2015). “Lipoid pneumonia: An unusual and preventable illness in elderly patients”. Can Fam Physician. 61 (9): 775–7. PMC 4569110. PMID 26371101.
↑ Parameswaran, K.; Anvari, M.; Efthimiadis, A.; Kamada, D.; Hargreave, F.e; Allen, C.j (2000). “Lipid-laden macrophages in induced sputum are a marker of oropharyngeal reflux and possible gastric aspiration”. European Respiratory Journal. 16 (6): 1119–1122. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16f17.x. ISSN 0903-1936.
↑ Levade T, Salvayre R, Dongay G, Dang QQ, Vieu C, Bessac A; et al. (1987). “Chemical analysis of the bronchoalveolar washing fluid in the diagnosis of liquid paraffin pneumonia”. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 25 (1): 45–8. PMID 3559482.
↑ Gattuso P, Reddy VB, Castelli MJ (1991). “Exogenous lipoid pneumonitis due to Vicks Vaporub inhalation diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology”. Cytopathology. 2 (6): 315–6. PMID 1801953.
↑ Ferretti, Gilbert R.; Jankowski, Adrien; Rodière, Mathieu; Brichon, Pierre Yves; Brambilla, Christian; Lantuejoul, Sylvie (2008). “CT-guided Biopsy of Nonresolving Focal Air Space Consolidation”. Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 23 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181453e04. ISSN 0883-5993.
↑ Kuroyama, Muneyoshi; Kagawa, Hiroyuki; Kitada, Seigo; Maekura, Ryoji; Mori, Masahide; Hirano, Hiroshi (2015). “Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by repeated sesame oil pulling: a report of two cases”. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0134-8. ISSN 1471-2466.
↑ Betancourt, Sonia L.; Martinez-Jimenez, Santiago; Rossi, Santiago E.; Truong, Mylene T.; Carrillo, Jorge; Erasmus, Jeremy J. (2010). “Lipoid Pneumonia: Spectrum of Clinical and Radiologic Manifestations”. American Journal of Roentgenology. 194 (1): 103–109. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3040. ISSN 0361-803X.

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[pmid26371101-1] Bell MM (2015). “Lipoid pneumonia: An unusual and preventable illness in elderly patients”. Can Fam Physician. 61 (9): 775–7. PMC 4569110. PMID 26371101.

[ParameswaranAnvari2000-2] Parameswaran, K.; Anvari, M.; Efthimiadis, A.; Kamada, D.; Hargreave, F.e; Allen, C.j (2000). “Lipid-laden macrophages in induced sputum are a marker of oropharyngeal reflux and possible gastric aspiration”. European Respiratory Journal. 16 (6): 1119–1122. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.16f17.x. ISSN 0903-1936.

[pmid3559482-3] Levade T, Salvayre R, Dongay G, Dang QQ, Vieu C, Bessac A; et al. (1987). “Chemical analysis of the bronchoalveolar washing fluid in the diagnosis of liquid paraffin pneumonia”. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 25 (1): 45–8. PMID 3559482.

[pmid1801953-4] Gattuso P, Reddy VB, Castelli MJ (1991). “Exogenous lipoid pneumonitis due to Vicks Vaporub inhalation diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology”. Cytopathology. 2 (6): 315–6. PMID 1801953.

[FerrettiJankowski2008-5] Ferretti, Gilbert R.; Jankowski, Adrien; Rodière, Mathieu; Brichon, Pierre Yves; Brambilla, Christian; Lantuejoul, Sylvie (2008). “CT-guided Biopsy of Nonresolving Focal Air Space Consolidation”. Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 23 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181453e04. ISSN 0883-5993.

[KuroyamaKagawa2015-6] Kuroyama, Muneyoshi; Kagawa, Hiroyuki; Kitada, Seigo; Maekura, Ryoji; Mori, Masahide; Hirano, Hiroshi (2015). “Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by repeated sesame oil pulling: a report of two cases”. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0134-8. ISSN 1471-2466.

[BetancourtMartinez-Jimenez2010-7] Betancourt, Sonia L.; Martinez-Jimenez, Santiago; Rossi, Santiago E.; Truong, Mylene T.; Carrillo, Jorge; Erasmus, Jeremy J. (2010). “Lipoid Pneumonia: Spectrum of Clinical and Radiologic Manifestations”. American Journal of Roentgenology. 194 (1): 103–109. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3040. ISSN 0361-803X.

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