Neonatal jaundice causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Neonatal jaundice is caused by hemolysis of the RBCs mainly due to either intravascular causes or extravascular causes. Other causes include non-hemolytic causes such as cephalosporin induced jaundice, genetic mutations of the UGT enzyme, and hepatic causes.
Causes
Common causes
- Common causes of neonatal jaundice include the following:[1][2]
- Increase bilirubin production due to hemolysis. Hemolytic causes include:
- Intrinsic causes of hemolysis
- Systemic contitions
- Enzyme conditions
- Globin synthesis defect
- Extrinsic causes of hemolysis
- Alloimmunity (The neonatal or cord blood gives a positive direct Coombs test and the maternal blood gives a positive indirect Coombs test)
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
- Rh disease
- Increase bilirubin production due to hemolysis. Hemolytic causes include:
Less common causes
- Hepatic causes
- Infections
- Metabolic
- Drugs:
- Total parenteral nutrition
- Post-hepatic
- Bile duct obstruction
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Losartan, Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Hypothyroidism |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Gilbert’s syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Biliary atresia, Bile duct obstruction |
| Genetic | Cystic fibrosis, Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency |
| Hematologic | Cephalhematoma, Polycythemia |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Sepsis, Hepatitis B, TORCH infections |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Galactosemia, Total parenteral nutrition |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Alloimmunity
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Alpha-thalassemia
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Bile duct obstruction
- Biliary atresia
- Cephalhematoma
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Galactosemia
- Gilbert’s syndrome
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (also called G6PD deficiency)
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
- Hepatitis B
- Hereditary elliptocytosis
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Hypothyroidism
- Losartan
- Polycythemia
- Pyruvate kinase deficiency
- Rh disease
- Sepsis
- Spherocytosis
- Splenomegaly
- TORCH infections
- Total parenteral nutrition
References
- ↑ Poland, R L (1980). “High milk lipase activity associated with breastmilk jaundice”. Pediatr Res. 14: 1328–31. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Murphy, J F (1981). “Pregnanediols and breast-milk jaundice”. Arch Dis Child. 56: 474–76. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Kumral, A (2009). “Breast milk jaundice correlates with high levels of epidermal growth factor”. Pediatr Res. 66: 218–21. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Arias, IM (1964). “Prolonged neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast feeding and a steroid, pregnane-3(alpha), 20(beta)-diol in maternal milk that inhibits glucuronide formation in vitro”. J Clin Invest. 43: 2037–47. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)
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