Pacemaker syndrome echocardiography

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]

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• Transthoracic echocardiogram may reveal reduced cardiac output especially with the ventricularly paced rhythms in patients with pacemaker syndrome.
• Altered ventricular activation patterns may also be observed.
• Lee and associates reported the following findings on transesophageal echocardiogram:
  • Higher atrial reverse flow velocities
  • Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta
  • Mitral regurgitation in ventricularly paced rhythms

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