Pernicious anemia risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Risk factors include:

• Family history of the disease
• History of autoimmune endocrine disorders, including:

• Addison’s disease
• Chronic thyroiditis
• Graves disease
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypopituitarism
• Myasthenia gravis
• Secondary amenorrhea
• Type 1 diabetes
• Testicular dysfunction
• Vitiligo
• Scandinavian or Northern European descent

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