Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Swimming behaviors associated with the increased risk of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis include diving or jumping into the water, submerging the head under water, or engaging in other water-related activities that cause water to go up the nose.

• Diving or jumping into the warm, usually stagnant, fresh water during periods of high water temperature and low water levels.
• Submerging the head under water during religious practices.
• Putting head under the water in hot springs and other untreated thermal waters.
• Digging in, or stirring up, the sediment while taking part in water-related activities in shallow, warm freshwater areas.
• Irrigating sinuses (nose) using contaminated tap water.

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