Rat-bite fever history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Initial symptoms are non-specific and include fever, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, headache, vomiting. Patients may develop a maculopapular rash on the extremities or septic arthritis 2-4 days after fever onset. The incubation period typically ranges from 2-10 days. If not appropriately treated, severe manifestations may include endocarditis, myocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis. In rare cases, death occurs.

The findings of rash, fever, and arthritis in individuals with a history of rat exposure suggest the diagnosis of Rat-bite fever.

History and Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the bacteria that caused the infection. Symptoms due to Streptobacillus moniliformis may include:

Fever
Chills
Joint pain, redness, or swelling
Rash

Symptoms due to Spirillum minus may include:

Fever
Chills
Open sore at the site of the bite
Rash – may be red/purple plaques

The symptoms also include recurring fever, with body temperature 101-104 °F (38-40°C). The fever lasts for 2-4 days but recur generally at 4-8 weeks. This cycle may continue for months or years together. The other symptoms include regional lymphadenitis, malaise and headache. The complications include myocarditis, endocarditis, hepatitis, splenomegaly and meningitis.

References

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