Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]
Classification
Scoliosis can be classified into congenital scoliosis (due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae), idiopathic scoliosis(when the cause is not known) or neuromuscular scoliosis (due to loss of muscle strength or voluntary muscle control).
Congenital Scoliosis
Based on radiological finding
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Complete failure – hemivertebra, butterfly vertebra
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| Failure of formation
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Partial failure – wedged vertebra
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| Unilateral failure – longitudinal failure
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| Failure of segmentation
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Bilateral failure – block vertebra
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| Miscellaneous
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Formation and segmentation mixed failure
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Based on formation of error and the structural combining of the anterior and posterior vertebral component
| Anterior component
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Posterior component
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| Hemivertebra (hemipedicle)
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Fully segmented hemilamina
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| Semisegmented hemilamina
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| Spina bifida
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| Bilamina (complete or incomplete)
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| Butterfly lamina (bipedicle)
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Wedged lamina
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| Spina bifida
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| Lateral wedged vertebra (bipedicle)
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Wedged Lamina
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Based on 3-D CT
| Type 1
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Solitary simple congenital malformation (unison)
- Hemivertebra
- Wedged vertebra
- Butterfly vertebra
- Others
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| Type 2
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Multiple simple anomalies (unison)
- Combination of hemivertebra, wedged vertebra and butterfly vertebra
- Discreet, adjacent or others
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| Type 3
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Complex anomalies (discordant)
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| Type 4
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Segmentation failure only
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Idiopathic Scoliosis
Based on Age of Onset
Based on Anatomical Level Involved
King and Moe defined five curve types:
- Type 1: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the lumbar curve being larger than the thoracic one
- Type 2: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the thoracic curve being larger or equal to the lumbar one
- Type 3: major thoracic curve in which only the thoracic curve is structural and crosses the CSVL
- Type 4: long C shape thoracic curve in which the fifth lumbar vertebra is centered over the sacrum and the fourth lumbar vertebra is tilted into the thoracic curve
- Type 5: double thoracic curve
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
- Neuromuscular scoliosis can be further subdivided based on the classification of scoliosis research society.[5]
- Primary neuropathies
- Upper motor neuron neuropathies
- Lower motor neuron neuropathies
- Primary myopathies
References
- ↑ Winter RB, Moe JH (1960,Jan 01). “Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 50 (1): 1-15.
- ↑ Imagama S, Kawakami N (2005). “Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation”. J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. 20: 20–25.
- ↑ Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell’s operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.
- ↑ King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Winter RB (1983). “The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis”. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 65 (9): 1302–13. PMID 6654943.
- ↑ McCarthy, Richard E. (1999). “MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS”. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 435–449. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1. ISSN 0030-5898.
