Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is caused by excess of renal water reabsorption through inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. There are various causes attributed to SIADH ranging from malignancies, medications, central nervous system causes, and infectious. Some of the most common causes of SIADH include malignancies, like small cell lung cancer and medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and carbamazepine.

Causes

Common causes

Head injury
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cancers
- Lung cancer (especially small cell lung cance, as well as other small-cell malignancies of other organs)
Infections
Medications
- Chlorpropamide
- Cyclophosphamide
- Carbamazepine
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly called Ecstasy)^[1]^[2]^[3]

Causes by Organ System

Chemical / poisoning	Mesothelioma
Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	Mesothelioma
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drugs	Cyclophosphamide, Desmopressin, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Nicotine, Oxytocin, Pergolide, Phenothiazines, SSRIs, Tricyclic antidepressants,Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Vasopressin, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Bromocriptine, Clofibrate, Prostaglandins, Melphalan, Interferon-alpha, Tacrolimus, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Fentanyl, Amiodarone, Hydrochlorthiazide, Clonidine, Levodopa, Rituximab, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Leveteiracetam, Quinolones
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Carcinoid, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism
Environmental	Mesothelioma
Gastroenterologic	Carcinoid, Duodenal carcinoma, Pancreatic cancer
Genetic	Agenesis corpus collosum, Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Hydrocephalus, Midline defects, Multiple sclerosis
Hematologic	Thymoma, Acute intermittent porphyria
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	AIDS, Bacterial pneumonia, Brain abscess, Encephalitis, Lung abscess, Lung cavitation, Meningitis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Ewing’s sarcoma, Polyradiculitis
Neurologic	Agenesis corpus collosum, Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, Brain abscess, Carcinoid, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Delirium tremens, Encephalitis, Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, Multiple sclerosis, Peripheral neuropathy, Polyradiculitis, Stroke, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Subdural hemorrhage, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Traumatic brain injury
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Ovarian cancer
Oncologic	Bronchial adenoma, Carcinoid, Duodenal carcinoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Lung carcinoma, Mesothelioma, Ovarian cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Thymoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Delirium tremens
Psychiatric	Phenothiazines, Psychosis
Pulmonary	Asthma, Bacterial pneumonia, Bronchial adenoma, Carcinoid, Lung abscess, Lung carcinoma, Lung cavitation, Mesothelioma, Pneumothorax, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Asthma
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Pneumothorax
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Positive pressure ventilation, Transsphenoidal surgery , Polyarteritis Nodosa

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Pillai BP, Unnikrishnan AG, Pavithran PV (2011). “Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Revisiting a classical endocrine disorder”. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 15 Suppl 3: S208–15. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.84870. PMC 3183532. PMID 22029026.
↑ Schrier RW (2006). “Body water homeostasis: clinical disorders of urinary dilution and concentration”. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (7): 1820–32. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006030240. PMID 16738014.
↑ Derubertis FR, Michelis MF, Bloom ME, Mintz DH, Field JB, Davis BB (1971). “Impaired water excretion in myxedema”. Am. J. Med. 51 (1): 41–53. PMID 5570319.

[pmid22029026-1] Pillai BP, Unnikrishnan AG, Pavithran PV (2011). “Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Revisiting a classical endocrine disorder”. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 15 Suppl 3: S208–15. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.84870. PMC 3183532. PMID 22029026.

[pmid16738014-2] Schrier RW (2006). “Body water homeostasis: clinical disorders of urinary dilution and concentration”. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17 (7): 1820–32. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006030240. PMID 16738014.

[pmid5570319-3] Derubertis FR, Michelis MF, Bloom ME, Mintz DH, Field JB, Davis BB (1971). “Impaired water excretion in myxedema”. Am. J. Med. 51 (1): 41–53. PMID 5570319.

[1]

[2]

[3]