Upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arzu Kalayci, M.D. [2] ; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding include advancing age, previous history of gastrointestinal bleed, chronic kidney disease, underlying cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension, presence of H.pylori infection, NSAID’s or aspirin use in patients with a history of ulcer disease, patients on dual antiplatelet therapy and patients of 60 years or older.

Common risk factors in the development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding include:

Advancing age^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]
Previous history of gastrointestinal bleed
Chronic kidney disease
Underlying cardiovascular disease
Cirrhosis and portal hypertension
Presence of H.pylori infection
NSAID’s or aspirin use in patients with a history of ulcer disease
Patients on dual antiplatelet therapy
Age 60 years or older
Patients taking glucocorticoids
Dyspepsia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Nosocomial stress ulcers due the to the use of mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, and coagulopathy.
Rare conditions associated with gastric acid hypersecretion, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, mastocytosis, or a retained antrum following partial gastrectomy.

↑ Morales Uribe CH, Sierra Sierra S, Hernández Hernández AM, Arango Durango AF, López GA (2011). “Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: risk factors for mortality in two urban centres in Latin America”. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 103 (1): 20–4. PMID 21341933.
↑ Rodríguez-Hernández H, Rodríguez-Morán M, González JL, Jáquez-Quintana JO, Rodríguez-Acosta ED, Sosa-Tinoco E, Guerrero-Romero F (2009). “[Risk factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and with mortality]”. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc (in Spanish; Castilian). 47 (2): 179–84. PMID 19744387.
↑ Corzo Maldonado MA, Guzmán Rojas P, Bravo Paredes EA, Gallegos López RC, Huerta Mercado-Tenorio J, Surco Ochoa Y, Prochazka Zárate R, Piscoya Rivera A, Pinto Valdivia J, De los Ríos Senmache R (2013). “[Risk factors associated to mortality by upper GI bleeding in patients from a public hospital. A case control study]”. Rev Gastroenterol Peru (in Spanish; Castilian). 33 (3): 223–9. PMID 24108375.
↑ Soldatov IB, Tokman AS, Esipovich I (1967). “[On the forms of dissemination of advanced experience of otorhinolaryngologists in dispensary work]”. Zdravookhr Ross Fed (in Russian). 11 (4): 19–21. PMID 5192276. Vancouver style error: initials (help)