Overview
Overview
The staging of Anal cancer is based on the TNM staging system [1]
Staging of anal cancer
Staging of anal cancer
Primary Tumor
According to the TNM staging system, there are four stages of anal cancer based on the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.
Tumor size (T)
| TX
|
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
|
| T0 |
No evidence of primary tumor
|
| Tis |
Carcinoma in situ (i.e., Bowen disease, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia II–III.)
|
| T1 |
Tumor ≤2 cm in greatest dimension
|
| T2 |
Tumor >2 cm but ≤5 cm in greatest dimension
|
| T3 |
Tumor >5 cm in greatest dimension
|
| T4 |
Tumor of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g., vagina, urethra, and bladder
|
Regional lymph node (N)
| NX
|
Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
|
| N0 |
No regional lymph node metastasis
|
| N1 |
Metastases in perirectal lymph node(s)
|
| N2 |
Metastases in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s)
|
| N3 |
Metastases in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and/or bilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph nodes
|
| M0
|
No distant metastasis
|
| M1 |
Distant metastasis
|
Anatomic stage/prognostic group
| 0
|
Tis
|
N0
|
M0
|
| I |
T1 |
N0 |
M0
|
| II |
T2 |
N0 |
M0
|
|
T3 |
N0 |
M0
|
| IIIA |
T1 |
N1 |
M0
|
|
T2 |
N1 |
M0
|
|
T3 |
N1 |
M0
|
|
T4 |
N0 |
M0
|
| IIIB |
T4 |
N1 |
M0
|
|
Any T |
N2 |
M0
|
|
Any T |
N3 |
M0
|
| IV |
Any T |
Any N |
M1
|
References
References
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