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Health Dictionary

Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome resident survival guide

Introduction

Overview

Overview

Causes

Causes

The causes of antiphospholipid syndrome are as follows:

Autoimmune diseases Infections Drugs Malignancy
  • Systemic lupus erythmatosus(SLE)
 Bacterial infections:
  • Leptospirosis[1][2]
  • Syphilis
  • Lymes disease
  • Tuberculosis[3]
  • Leprosy
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Post-Streptococcal rheumatic fever
  • Klebsiella infection

Viral infections:

  • Hepatitis A,B and C
  • HIV
  • Ebstein Barr virus
  • Adenovirus
  • Rubella
  • Parvovirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Varicella Zoster virus

Parasitic infections:

  • Visceral leischmaniasis
  • Pneumocysitis jirovecci
  • Malaria
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Procainamide
  • Hydralazine
  • Quinidine
  • Quinine
  • Phenytoin
  • Alpha interferon
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Amoxicillin
  • Chlorothiazide
  • Propanolol
 Tumors of the following organs can cause APS:
  • Lung
  • Colon
  • Breast
  • Cervix
  • Ovary

Cancers:

  • Hodgkins lymphoma
  • Non-hodgkins lymphoma
  • Myeloid leukemia
  • Lymphocytic leukemia
  • Primary myelofibrosis
  • Polycythemia vera
FIRE

FIRE

Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Treatment

  • Treatment of acute thrombosis
  • Treatment of recurrent thrombosis despite anticoagulation
  • Anticoagulation in pregnancy
  • Treatment of refractory cases in pregnancy
Do’s

Do’s

Don’ts

Don’ts

References

References

  1. ↑ McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA (1991). “Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies”. Adv Immunol. 49: 193–280. PMID 1853785.
  2. ↑ Safa O, Crippa L, Della Valle P, Sabbadini MG, Viganò D’Angelo S, D’Angelo A (1999). “IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome”. Haematologica. 84 (9): 829–38. PMID 10477458.
  3. ↑ Triplett DA (1998). “Many faces of lupus anticoagulants”. Lupus. 7 Suppl 2: S18–22. PMID 9814666.

Editor-In-Chief:
C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]