Ataxia physical examination

Abnormalities in higher cortical functions like executive functions, spatial orientation, motor memory, language functions, and emotional recognition and production

• Impairment of consciousness,
• Visual changes,
• Trouble speaking and swallowing,
• Focal sensory loss or weakness,
• Vertigo,
• Slow and abnormal movements,
• Cognitive impairment, and
• Behavior changes.

The gait is affected in almost all patients. Patients cannot stand with their feet together. Tests like tandem stance or walking can be used. Gait is wide-based. Also, we can see impaired cerebellar functions, like limb dysmetria, intention tremors, along with loss of tone, as well as dysarthria and nystagmus.

• Symmetric proximal muscle weakness has been seen. Distal muscle weakness can also be present, which suggests generalized neuropathy.
• Gait dysfunction may also suggest muscle weakness rather than ataxia.

• Rigidity with slowed movements
• Slowed or delayed postural corrections
• Dystonia or limitations of vertical gaze

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