Bladder cancer staging

Overview

Bladder cancer may be classified into several subtypes based on TNM system.

TNM Staging


TNM	Definition

Ta	Non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

Tis	Non-invasive flat urothelial carcinoma
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T1	The tumor is invasive. It has grown into the lamina propria but has not grown into the muscle of the bladder wall
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T2a	The tumor has grown into the inner half of the muscle of the bladder wall
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T2b	The tumor has grown into the outer half of the muscle of the bladder wall
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T3a	The tumor has grown into the fatty tissue around the bladder but can only be seen through a microscope
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T3b	The tumor has grown into the fatty tissue around the bladder and can be seen on imaging tests or be felt by the surgeon
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T4a	The tumor has grown into the prostate, seminal vesicles, uterus or vagina
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

T4b	The tumor has grown into the pelvic wall or the abdominal wall
N0	No regional lymph node metastasis
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

Any T	The tumor may be T1, T2, T3 or T4
N1, N2 or N3	The cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes
M0	No distant metastasis


TNM	Definition

Any T	The tumor may be T1, T2, T3 or T4
Any N	The cancer may have spread to one or more regional lymph nodes
M1	Distant metastasis

References

↑ Rais-Bahrami S, Pietryga JA, Nix JW (March 2016). “Contemporary role of advanced imaging for bladder cancer staging”. Urol. Oncol. 34 (3): 124–33. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.08.018. PMID 26427696.
↑ McKibben MJ, Woods ME (April 2015). “Preoperative imaging for staging bladder cancer”. Curr Urol Rep. 16 (4): 22. doi:10.1007/s11934-015-0496-8. PMID 25724433.
↑ Sun M, Trinh QD (April 2015). “Diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer”. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 29 (2): 205–18, vii. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2014.10.013. PMID 25836929.
↑ Bladder Cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/staging/?region=ab Accessed on October, 6 2015

Overview