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CCL4

Introduction

For carbon tetrachloride, with formula CCl4, see Carbon tetrachloride.

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.[1]

Function

Function

CCL4, also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein-1Ξ² (MIP-1Ξ²) is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors. It is a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and a variety of other immune cells.[2]

CCL4 is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T cells.[3]

Perforin-low memory CD8+ T cells that normally synthesize MIP-1-beta.[4]

CCL4 is produced by: monocytes, B cells, T cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.[5]

Concentration of this chemokine has been shown to be inversely related with MicroRNA-125b. Concentration of CCL4 within the body increases with age, which may cause chronic inflammation and liver damage.[5][6]

Interactions

Interactions

CCL4 has been shown to interact with CCL3.[7]

CCL4 binds to G protein-Coupled Receptors CCR5 and CCR8.[5]

See also

See also

References

References

  1. ↑ Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K (June 1990). “Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q”. Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (11): 3261–70. doi:10.1093/nar/18.11.3261. PMCΒ 330932. PMIDΒ 1972563.
  2. ↑ Bystry RS, Aluvihare V, Welch KA, Kallikourdis M, Betz AG (December 2001). “B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4”. Nature Immunology. 2 (12): 1126–32. doi:10.1038/ni735. PMIDΒ 11702067.
  3. ↑ Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P (December 1995). “Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells”. Science. 270 (5243): 1811–5. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1811. PMIDΒ 8525373.
  4. ↑ Kamin-Lewis R, Abdelwahab SF, Trang C, Baker A, DeVico AL, Gallo RC, Lewis GK (July 2001). “Perforin-low memory CD8+ cells are the predominant T cells in normal humans that synthesize the beta -chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (16): 9283–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.161298998. PMCΒ 55412. PMIDΒ 11470920.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Morrison MD, Lundquist PG (April 1974). “Labyrinthine morphology and temperature in cryosurgery (guinea pig)”. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 77 (4): 261–73. PMCΒ 4364832.
  6. ↑ Morimoto T, Takagi H, Kondo T (January 1985). “Canine pancreatic allotransplantation with duodenum (pancreaticoduodenal transplantation) using cyclosporin A”. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 47 (1–2): 57–66. PMCΒ 3887178.
  7. ↑ Guan E, Wang J, Norcross MA (April 2001). “Identification of human macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta as a native secreted heterodimer”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (15): 12404–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006327200. PMIDΒ 11278300.
Further reading

Further reading

  • Menten P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J (December 2002). “Macrophage inflammatory protein-1”. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 13 (6): 455–81. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00045-X. PMIDΒ 12401480.
  • Muthumani K, Desai BM, Hwang DS, Choo AY, Laddy DJ, Thieu KP, Rao RG, Weiner DB (April 2004). “HIV-1 Vpr and anti-inflammatory activity”. DNA and Cell Biology. 23 (4): 239–47. doi:10.1089/104454904773819824. PMIDΒ 15142381.
  • Conti L, Fantuzzi L, Del CornΓ² M, Belardelli F, Gessani S (2005). “Immunomodulatory effects of the HIV-1 gp120 protein on antigen presenting cells: implications for AIDS pathogenesis”. Immunobiology. 209 (1–2): 99–115. doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2004.02.008. PMIDΒ 15481145.
  • Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). “Nef: “necessary and enforcing factor” in HIV infection”. Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013. PMIDΒ 15638726.
  • Zhao RY, Elder RT (March 2005). “Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation”. Cell Research. 15 (3): 143–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290279. PMIDΒ 15780175.
  • Zhao RY, Bukrinsky M, Elder RT (April 2005). “HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) & host cellular responses”. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 121 (4): 270–86. PMIDΒ 15817944.
  • Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY (2006). “Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions”. Cell Research. 15 (11–12): 923–34. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370. PMIDΒ 16354571.
  • King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW (April 2006). “HIV tat and neurotoxicity”. Microbes and Infection. 8 (5): 1347–57. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014. PMIDΒ 16697675.
  • Napolitano M, Modi WS, Cevario SJ, Gnarra JR, Seuanez HN, Leonard WJ (September 1991). “The gene encoding the Act-2 cytokine. Genomic structure, HTLV-I/Tax responsiveness of 5′ upstream sequences, and chromosomal localization”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (26): 17531–6. PMIDΒ 1894635.
  • Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, McBride OW, Morton CC, Burd PR, Siebenlist U, Kelly K (June 1990). “Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q”. Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (11): 3261–70. doi:10.1093/nar/18.11.3261. PMCΒ 330932. PMIDΒ 1972563.
  • Baixeras E, Roman-Roman S, Jitsukawa S, Genevee C, Mechiche S, Viegas-Pequignot E, Hercend T, Triebel F (November 1990). “Cloning and expression of a lymphocyte activation gene (LAG-1)”. Molecular Immunology. 27 (11): 1091–102. doi:10.1016/0161-5890(90)90097-J. PMIDΒ 2247088.
  • Lipes MA, Napolitano M, Jeang KT, Chang NT, Leonard WJ (December 1988). “Identification, cloning, and characterization of an immune activation gene”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 85 (24): 9704–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.24.9704. PMCΒ 282843. PMIDΒ 2462251.
  • Brown KD, Zurawski SM, Mosmann TR, Zurawski G (January 1989). “A family of small inducible proteins secreted by leukocytes are members of a new superfamily that includes leukocyte and fibroblast-derived inflammatory agents, growth factors, and indicators of various activation processes”. Journal of Immunology. 142 (2): 679–87. PMIDΒ 2521353.
  • Zipfel PF, Balke J, Irving SG, Kelly K, Siebenlist U (March 1989). “Mitogenic activation of human T cells induces two closely related genes which share structural similarities with a new family of secreted factors”. Journal of Immunology. 142 (5): 1582–90. PMIDΒ 2521882.
  • Chang HC, Reinherz EL (June 1989). “Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a putative cytokine which is induced by stimulation via the CD2 structure on human T lymphocytes”. European Journal of Immunology. 19 (6): 1045–51. doi:10.1002/eji.1830190614. PMIDΒ 2568930.
  • Miller MD, Hata S, De Waal Malefyt R, Krangel MS (November 1989). “A novel polypeptide secreted by activated human T lymphocytes”. Journal of Immunology. 143 (9): 2907–16. PMIDΒ 2809212.
  • Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O (September 1995). “Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence” (PDF). Nature. 377 (6547 Suppl): 3–174. PMIDΒ 7566098.
  • Post TW, Bozic CR, Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Gerard N, Gerard C (December 1995). “Molecular characterization of two murine eosinophil beta chemokine receptors”. Journal of Immunology. 155 (11): 5299–305. PMIDΒ 7594543.
  • Combadiere C, Ahuja SK, Murphy PM (July 1995). “Cloning and functional expression of a human eosinophil CC chemokine receptor”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (28): 16491–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.28.16491. PMIDΒ 7622448.
  • Paolini JF, Willard D, Consler T, Luther M, Krangel MS (September 1994). “The chemokines IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and I-309 are monomers at physiologically relevant concentrations”. Journal of Immunology. 153 (6): 2704–17. PMIDΒ 8077676.
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