Pneumothorax is a medical emergency because it comes with severe pain and decreased lung function. A chest tube should be inserted after clinical assessment. This releases the air and menstrual blood, and the lung can re-expand.

Surgery, hormonal treatments and combined approaches have all been proposed, with variable results in terms of short and long term outcome.^[1] Surgical removal of the endometrial tissue should be endeavoured during menstruation for optimal visualization of the cyst.^[2] Pleurodesis may also be helpful. Menstruation and accompanying lung collapse can be suppressed with hormone therapy,^[3] like with Lupron Depot, danazol or extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pills.