Diabetic retinopathy overview

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2] Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [3]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]

Overview

Diabetic retinopathy is the most severe form of the several kinds of ocular complications causing damage to the retina, as a result of diabetes.It is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease which affects up to 80% of all diabetics who have had diabetes for 15 years or more. It is the leading cause of non traumatic blindness in adults. People with untreated diabetes are 25 times more at risk for blindness than the general population. Despite these intimidating statistics, research indicates that at least 90% of these new cases could be reduced if there was proper and vigilant treatment and monitoring of the eyes.

Normal vision. Courtesy NIH National Eye Institute
The same view with diabetic retinopathy.

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Differentiating Diabetic retinopathy other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Surgery

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

References

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