Developer site: The content shown here is test data.

MyEClinic
MyEClinic
Health Dictionary AI Health Chat Find an Online Doctor
A serene Zen garden with raked sand and smooth stones, symbolising clarity and calm

Health Dictionary

Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions β€” written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

Back to skin conditions

Differentiating Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis from other diseases

Introduction

Overview

Overview

In the differential diagnosis of anti-NMDA encephalitis, other autoimmune encephalitides with specific antibody associations should be considered, including those associated with antibodies against AMPA receptors, GABA-B receptors, LGI1, Caspr2, and MOG. Clinical and serological evaluations are crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Differentiating Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis from other Diseases

Differentiating Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis from other Diseases

Antigen NMDA receptor NR1 Lgil CASPR2 AMPA receptor GABA B receptor Glycine receptor MgluR5
Age(median)/gender femaleΒ : male 0Β·6–85 (21) 4:1 30–80 (60) 1:2 46–77 (60) 1:4 38–87 (60) 9:1 24–75 (62) 1:1 5–69 (43) 6:5 46, 15 1:1
Clinical syndrome 1.Prodromal Syndrome

2. Psychiatric Syndrome, seizures, amnesia 3.Movement disorders catatonia, autonomic instability,

Limbic encephalitis, tonic or facio-brachial dystonic seizures,

myoclonus

Morvan Syndrome, encephalitis, neuromyotonia Limbic encephalitis, psychiatric syndrome Limbic encephalitis Encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus, hyperekplexia, stiff-person syndrome,

(retinopathy)

Limbic encephalitis, myoclonus
MRI T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, medial temporal 25% 80% 40% 90% 70% 10% 50%
CSF pleocytosis or Oligoclonal Bands 95% 40% 25% 90% 90% some oligoclonal bands 2/2 only cases reported and present in them

ocb: oligoclonal bands; EEG: electroencephalograph; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; AMPA: Ξ±-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol-propionic acid; GABA: Ξ³-amino-butyric acid receptor; CASPR2: contactin-associated protein-like 2; Lgi1: leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1; mGluR5: metabotrophic glutamate receptor 5.

Other etiologies causing Anti NMDA encephalitis like features

Differential diagnosis
Bacterial and viral infections of the brain Herpes simplex virus type 1, Human herpes virus type 6, Enterovirus, Mycoplasma
Autoimmune-associated encephalitis PANDAS, Sydenham chorea, Hashimoto encephalopathy, Rasmussen encephalitis, Encephalitis lethargica
Autoimmune synaptic receptor encephalitides Neuronal antibodies to GABA, AMPA, and LGI1receptors
CNS vasculitis Primary CNS angiitis, Secondary (due to chronic infection, inflammatory processes)
Demyelinating disorders Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Neuromyelitis optica
Medication Overdose Ketamine, Phencyclidine
References

References

[1]

  1. ↑ Nichols TA (2016). “Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: An emerging differential diagnosis in the psychiatric community”. Ment Health Clin. 6 (6): 297–303. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.11.297. PMCΒ 6007532. PMIDΒ 29955485.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;AE Dheeraj Makkar, M.D.[2]