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Enterovirus 68 historical perspective

Introduction

Overview

Overview

Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California. It is a rare disease that has recently become more clinically evident. In September 2014 there was a nationwide outbreak of EV-D68 in the USA which involved 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky. In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus EV-D68 in children across the state.

Historical Perspective

Historical Perspective

  • Human enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) was initially isolated in 1962 from samples of 4 hospitalized children presenting for pneumonia and bronchiolitis in California.[1]
  • While early descriptions of of EV-D68 identified the virus as acid resistant, newer reports refuted earlier findings and consistently confirmed the virus’s acid sensitivity.[2][3][4]
  • Between 1970 and 2005 only 26 clinical isolates of EV-D68 were reported in the USA.[5]
  • Prior to 2005, reports of EV-D68 infections were very limited. Only 26 cases of verified EV-D68 infection were documented between 1970 and 2005. EV-D68 is thus considered one of the rarest infectious enteroviruses, representing approximately 0.1% of all enterovirus isolates in that time frame.
  • Over the past few years, outbreaks of EV-D68 have been documented in Japan, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and also in several clusters in the USA.[6][7][8][9][10]
  • In 2011, China and Phillipines was affected by the first EV-D68 sub-clade B2 strains. Sub-clade B1 contained the two strains from Ontario and three USA strains from the 2014 outbreak.[11]
  • In September 2014, there was an outbreak of EV-D68 in the US with clusters reported in 10 states including Colorado, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Kentucky.
  • Analysis of VP1 genes (encoding capsid proteins) of EV-D68 has helped identify three distinct clades namely A, B, and C from the prototype EV-D68 Fermon strain. Two sub-clades (B1 and B2) were identified, with most 2014 EV-D68 outbreak strains belonging to sub-cluster B2b2 (one of the two emerging clusters within sub-clade B2).[12]
  • All three clades of EV-D68 have been reported in China, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, and the USA[13]
  • In October 2018, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) confirmed 39 cases of the enterovirus EV-D68 in children across the state.
References

References

  1. ↑ Schieble, JH.; Fox, VL.; Lennette, EH. (1967). “A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases”. Am J Epidemiol. 85 (2): 297–310. PMID 4960233. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ “A collaborative report: rhinoviruses–extension of the numbering system”. Virology. 43 (2): 524–6. 1971. PMID 5543842.
  3. ↑ Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN, Hovi T (2002). “Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70”. J Gen Virol. 83 (Pt 2): 333–40. PMID 11807226.
  4. ↑ Ishiko H, Miura R, Shimada Y, Hayashi A, Nakajima H, Yamazaki S; et al. (2002). “Human rhinovirus 87 identified as human enterovirus 68 by VP4-based molecular diagnosis”. Intervirology. 45 (3): 136–41. doi:65866 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 12403917.
  5. ↑ Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, Pallansch MA (September 2006). “Enterovirus surveillance–United States, 1970-2005”. MMWR Surveill Summ. 55 (8): 1–20. PMID 16971890.
  6. ↑ Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA; et al. (2012). “Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68”. J Gen Virol. 93 (Pt 9): 1952–8. doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0. PMC 3542132. PMID 22694903.
  7. ↑ Hasegawa S, Hirano R, Okamoto-Nakagawa R, Ichiyama T, Shirabe K (December 2011). “Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children”. Allergy. 66 (12): 1618–20. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02725.x. PMID 21958204.
  8. ↑ Imamura T, Fuji N, Suzuki A, Tamaki R, Saito M, Aniceto R, Galang H, Sombrero L, Lupisan S, Oshitani H (August 2011). “Enterovirus 68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection, the Philippines”. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (8): 1430–5. doi:10.3201/eid1708.101328. PMC 3381551. PMID 21801620.
  9. ↑ Kaida A, Kubo H, Sekiguchi J, Kohdera U, Togawa M, Shiomi M, Nishigaki T, Iritani N (August 2011). “Enterovirus 68 in children with acute respiratory tract infections, Osaka, Japan”. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (8): 1494–7. doi:10.3201/eid1708.110028. PMC 3381549. PMID 21801632.
  10. ↑ Rahamat-Langendoen J, Riezebos-Brilman A, Borger R, van der Heide R, Brandenburg A, Schölvinck E, Niesters HG (October 2011). “Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections”. J. Clin. Virol. 52 (2): 103–6. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.019. PMID 21802981.
  11. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). “Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada”. Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
  12. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). “Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada”. Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.
  13. ↑ Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Isabel S, Banh P, Li A, Peci A, Patel SN, Gubbay JB (2017). “Global Distribution and Evolutionary History of Enterovirus D68, with Emphasis on the 2014 Outbreak in Ontario, Canada”. Front Microbiol. 8: 257. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00257. PMC 5331033. PMID 28298902.

Editor-In-Chief:
C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]