Health Dictionary
Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.
Fungal meningitis risk factors
Introduction
Overview
Overview
Fungal meningitis rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, immunosuppression and travel history to areas where specific fungi are endemic are risk factors for fungal meningitis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Risk factors in the development of fungal meningitis include:[9][10][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][11]
Risk factors by the causative organism
- Aspergillus sp.
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Travel to or residence in midwestern and southeastern USA
- Systemic infection
- Abscesses
- Draining sinus
- Ulcers
- Coccidioides immitis
- Candida sp.
- IV drug abuse
- Post surgery
- Prolonged intravenous therapy
- Disseminated candidiasis
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Immune suppression (examples systemic neoplasia and organ transplantation)
- Pigeon exposure
- Skin and other organ involvement due to disseminated infection
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Exposure history
- Travel to or residence in Ohio and central Mississippi River Valley
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Mucosal lesions
- Pseudallescheria boydii
- Water aspiration
- Sporothrix schenckii
- Traumatic inoculation
- IV drug use
- Ulcerated skin lesion[12]
Risk factors in children
Children with the following conditions have higher incidence of fungal meningitis:
- Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood[15][16]
- White blood cell defects[15][16]
- Post ventriculostomy placement, or ventricular shunts, especially after antibacterial therapy[21][22]
- Use of bischloroethylnitrosourea polymer wafers implanted for local therapy of CNS malignancies[23][24]
- CNS drains and catheters represent disease[25]
References
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA (2003). “Coccidioidomycosis”. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (1): 41–57, viii. PMID 12751260.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Singh N, Husain S (2000). “Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients”. Transpl Infect Dis. 2 (3): 101–11. PMID 11429020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D; et al. (2001). “Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996”. Clin Infect Dis. 32 (5): 708–15. doi:10.1086/319203. PMID 11229838.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). “Fungal meningitis”. Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD (1979). “Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem”. JAMA. 242 (15): 1631–5. PMID 480580.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT (1980). “Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits”. Am J Pathol. 101 (1): 177–94. PMC 1903580. PMID 7004196.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). “Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis”. Sabouraudia. 23 (1): 37–45. PMID 3992427.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Perfect JR, Durack DT (1985). “Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis”. Infect Immun. 50 (1): 22–6. PMC 262129. PMID 3899932.
- ↑ Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R; et al. (2015). “Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole”. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59 (12): 7857–61. doi:10.1128/AAC.01506-15. PMC 4649149. PMID 26392507.
- ↑ Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN; et al. (2007). “Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario”. Neurol India. 55 (3): 198–215. PMID 17921648.
- ↑ Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF (1988). “Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model”. Infect Immun. 56 (1): 7–12. PMC 259224. PMID 3275587.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
- ↑ Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H; et al. (1983). “Immune deficiency syndrome in children”. JAMA. 249 (17): 2345–9. PMID 6834633.
- ↑ Ludviksson BR, Thorarensen O, Gudnason T, Halldorsson S (1993). “Candida albicans meningitis in a child with myeloperoxidase deficiency”. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 12 (2): 162–4. PMID 8381226.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L; et al. (1981). “Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi”. Am J Med. 71 (1): 59–66. PMID 7195647.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI (1986). “Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease”. Am J Med Sci. 291 (5): 334–41. PMID 3706396.
- ↑ Germain M, Gourdeau M, Hébert J (1994). “Case report: familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis complicated by deep candida infection”. Am J Med Sci. 307 (4): 282–3. PMID 8160723.
- ↑ Smego RA, Devoe PW, Sampson HA, Perfect JR, Wilfert CM, Buckley RH (1984). “Candida meningitis in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency”. J Pediatr. 104 (6): 902–4. PMID 6726524.
- ↑ Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, Navas E, Moreno A, Pintado V; et al. (1997). “Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases”. Clin Infect Dis. 25 (3): 673–6. PMID 9314460.
- ↑ Brenier-Pinchart MP, Leclercq P, Mallié M, Bettega G (1999). “Candida meningitis possibly resulting from a harpoon injury”. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 18 (6): 454–5. PMID 10442428.
- ↑ O’Brien D, Stevens NT, Lim CH, O’Brien DF, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F; et al. (2011). “Candida infection of the central nervous system following neurosurgery: a 12-year review”. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 153 (6): 1347–50. doi:10.1007/s00701-011-0990-9. PMID 21431456.
- ↑ Nguyen MH, Yu VL (1995). “Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients”. Clin Infect Dis. 21 (2): 323–7. PMID 8562739.
- ↑ O’Brien D, Cotter M, Lim CH, Sattar MT, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F (2011). “Candida parapsilosis meningitis associated with Gliadel (BCNU) wafer implants”. Br J Neurosurg. 25 (2): 289–91. doi:10.3109/02688697.2010.534202. PMID 21158511.
- ↑ Glick JA, Graham RS, Voils SA (2010). “Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer placement successfully treated with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B.” Ann Pharmacother. 44 (1): 215–8. doi:10.1345/aph.1M453. PMID 20028954.
- ↑ Geers TA, Gordon SM (1999). “Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery”. Clin Infect Dis. 28 (5): 1139–47. doi:10.1086/514755. PMID 10452649.
- ↑ Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Noyola DE, Baker CJ (2000). “Candidal meningitis in neonates: a 10-year review”. Clin Infect Dis. 31 (2): 458–63. doi:10.1086/313973. PMID 10987705.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]