Graves' disease risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of Graves’ disease is genetic susceptibility. Other risk factors include infections, stress and smoking.

Risk Factors

This table summarizes the risk factors for Graves’ disease.

Risk Factors	Graves’ disease
Genetic susceptibility	Association with immune related genes (i.e. CTLA-4).^[1] Association with certain alleles of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) on chromosome 6.^[2] The concordance rate in monozygotic twins is 20 to 40 percent.
Infection	There are some possible infection that may predispose patient to Graves’ disease Congenital rubella Hepatitis C^[3]
Stress	Some psychotic stress disorders are more common among Graves’ patients.^[4]^[5]
Smoking	It is associated with Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy.^[6]

References

↑ Tomer Y, Davies TF (2003). “Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function”. Endocr. Rev. 24 (5): 694–717. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0030. PMID 14570752.
↑ Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E, Barbesino G, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF (2003). “Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families”. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 736–47. doi:10.1086/378588. PMC 1180598. PMID 12973666.
↑ Menconi F, Hasham A, Tomer Y (2011). “Environmental triggers of thyroiditis: hepatitis C and interferon-α”. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 34 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1007/BF03346699. PMID 21297381.
↑ Matos-Santos A, Nobre EL, Costa JG, Nogueira PJ, Macedo A, Galvão-Teles A, de Castro JJ (2001). “Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goitre”. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 55 (1): 15–9. PMID 11453947.
↑ Sonino N, Girelli ME, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Busnardo B, Fava GA (1993). “Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease. A controlled study”. Acta Endocrinol. 128 (4): 293–6. PMID 8498147.
↑ Bartalena L, Tanda ML (2009). “Clinical practice. Graves’ ophthalmopathy”. N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (10): 994–1001. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0806317. PMID 19264688.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid14570752-1] Tomer Y, Davies TF (2003). “Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function”. Endocr. Rev. 24 (5): 694–717. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0030. PMID 14570752.

[pmid12973666-2] Tomer Y, Ban Y, Concepcion E, Barbesino G, Villanueva R, Greenberg DA, Davies TF (2003). “Common and unique susceptibility loci in Graves and Hashimoto diseases: results of whole-genome screening in a data set of 102 multiplex families”. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (4): 736–47. doi:10.1086/378588. PMC 1180598. PMID 12973666.

[pmid21297381-3] Menconi F, Hasham A, Tomer Y (2011). “Environmental triggers of thyroiditis: hepatitis C and interferon-α”. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 34 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1007/BF03346699. PMID 21297381.

[pmid11453947-4] Matos-Santos A, Nobre EL, Costa JG, Nogueira PJ, Macedo A, Galvão-Teles A, de Castro JJ (2001). “Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goitre”. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 55 (1): 15–9. PMID 11453947.

[pmid8498147-5] Sonino N, Girelli ME, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Busnardo B, Fava GA (1993). “Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease. A controlled study”. Acta Endocrinol. 128 (4): 293–6. PMID 8498147.

[pmid19264688-6] Bartalena L, Tanda ML (2009). “Clinical practice. Graves’ ophthalmopathy”. N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (10): 994–1001. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0806317. PMID 19264688.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Graves' disease risk factors

Overview

Risk Factors

References

Looking for the patient version?