Guillain-Barré syndrome causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

Guillain Barre syndrome may be caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Cytomegalovirus, haemophilus influenza, epstein-Barr virus, Varicella zoster virus and HIV-1.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. GBS has a different natural history in every patient based on age and the speed of symptoms occurrence, so it can lead to death or patients may fully recover no matter what the etiology is.^[1]^[2]

Common Causes

Campylobacter jejuni^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
- Most common cause of gastroenteritis
- Most common infection associated with GBS
- There is a strong association between C. jejuni and AMAN type of GBS.
- The C. jejuni LPS contains a tetrasaccharide which is similar to GM1.
- C. jejuni can also cause MFS
- It has antigens similar to GQ1b which is found in ocular motor nerves so it can cause ophthalmoplegia.

Cytomegalovirus^[7]^[8]^[9]
- This virus can cause respiratory infection, mononucleosis and flu-like symptoms.
- The most common virus associated with GBS.
- It will mostly cause AIDP in young females.
- In some of the patients’ serum we can detect antibodies against GM2.

Haemophilus influenza^[10]
- It is mostly associated with AMAN type of GBS.
- There is a molecular similarity with ganglioside GM1.

Less Common Causes

References

↑ Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielasek J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV (November 1998). “Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barré Syndrome Trial Group”. Ann. Neurol. 44 (5): 780–8. doi:10.1002/ana.410440512. PMID 9818934.
↑ Bradshaw DY, Jones HR (April 1992). “Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: clinical course, electrodiagnosis, and prognosis”. Muscle Nerve. 15 (4): 500–6. doi:10.1002/mus.880150415. PMID 1565119.
↑ Hughes RA, Rees JH (December 1997). “Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome”. J. Infect. Dis. 176 Suppl 2: S92–8. PMID 9396689.
↑ Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, Gao CY, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Asbury AK, Blaser MJ, McKhann GM (June 1995). “Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies”. Brain. 118 ( Pt 3): 597–605. PMID 7600081.
↑ Yuki N, Taki T, Inagaki F, Kasama T, Takahashi M, Saito K, Handa S, Miyatake T (November 1993). “A bacterium lipopolysaccharide that elicits Guillain-Barré syndrome has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure”. J. Exp. Med. 178 (5): 1771–5. PMC 2191246. PMID 8228822.
↑ Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, Machinami R, Kanazawa I (October 1993). “Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies”. Neurology. 43 (10): 1911–7. PMID 8413947.
↑ Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Koga M, Mori M, Hattori T, Yuki N (August 1999). “Hyperreflexia in Guillain-Barré syndrome: relation with acute motor axonal neuropathy and anti-GM1 antibody”. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 67 (2): 180–4. PMC 1736477. PMID 10406985.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangro H, Watkins RP (May 1988). “A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events”. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (5): 613–8. PMC 1033063. PMID 3404161.
↑ Irie S, Saito T, Nakamura K, Kanazawa N, Ogino M, Nukazawa T, Ito H, Tamai Y, Kowa H (August 1996). “Association of anti-GM2 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome with acute cytomegalovirus infection”. J. Neuroimmunol. 68 (1–2): 19–26. PMID 8784256.
↑ Mori M, Kuwabara S, Miyake M, Dezawa M, Adachi-Usami E, Kuroki H, Noda M, Hattori T (April 1999). “Haemophilus influenzae has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure and elicits Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Neurology. 52 (6): 1282–4. PMID 10214761.
↑ Berger JR, Difini JA, Swerdloff MA, Ayyar DR (September 1987). “HIV seropositivity in Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Ann. Neurol. 22 (3): 393–4. doi:10.1002/ana.410220320. PMID 3674806.

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[pmid9818934-1] Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielasek J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV (November 1998). “Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barré Syndrome Trial Group”. Ann. Neurol. 44 (5): 780–8. doi:10.1002/ana.410440512. PMID 9818934.

[pmid1565119-2] Bradshaw DY, Jones HR (April 1992). “Guillain-Barré syndrome in children: clinical course, electrodiagnosis, and prognosis”. Muscle Nerve. 15 (4): 500–6. doi:10.1002/mus.880150415. PMID 1565119.

[pmid9396689-3] Hughes RA, Rees JH (December 1997). “Clinical and epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome”. J. Infect. Dis. 176 Suppl 2: S92–8. PMID 9396689.

[pmid7600081-4] Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, Gao CY, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, Asbury AK, Blaser MJ, McKhann GM (June 1995). “Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies”. Brain. 118 ( Pt 3): 597–605. PMID 7600081.

[pmid8228822-5] Yuki N, Taki T, Inagaki F, Kasama T, Takahashi M, Saito K, Handa S, Miyatake T (November 1993). “A bacterium lipopolysaccharide that elicits Guillain-Barré syndrome has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure”. J. Exp. Med. 178 (5): 1771–5. PMC 2191246. PMID 8228822.

[pmid8413947-6] Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, Machinami R, Kanazawa I (October 1993). “Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies”. Neurology. 43 (10): 1911–7. PMID 8413947.

[pmid10406985-7] Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Koga M, Mori M, Hattori T, Yuki N (August 1999). “Hyperreflexia in Guillain-Barré syndrome: relation with acute motor axonal neuropathy and anti-GM1 antibody”. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 67 (2): 180–4. PMC 1736477. PMID 10406985.

[pmid3404161-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangro H, Watkins RP (May 1988). “A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events”. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (5): 613–8. PMC 1033063. PMID 3404161.

[pmid8784256-9] Irie S, Saito T, Nakamura K, Kanazawa N, Ogino M, Nukazawa T, Ito H, Tamai Y, Kowa H (August 1996). “Association of anti-GM2 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome with acute cytomegalovirus infection”. J. Neuroimmunol. 68 (1–2): 19–26. PMID 8784256.

[pmid10214761-10] Mori M, Kuwabara S, Miyake M, Dezawa M, Adachi-Usami E, Kuroki H, Noda M, Hattori T (April 1999). “Haemophilus influenzae has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure and elicits Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Neurology. 52 (6): 1282–4. PMID 10214761.

[pmid3674806-11] Berger JR, Difini JA, Swerdloff MA, Ayyar DR (September 1987). “HIV seropositivity in Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Ann. Neurol. 22 (3): 393–4. doi:10.1002/ana.410220320. PMID 3674806.

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