Hematopoiesis locations

In developing embryos hematopoiesis occurs in yolk sac. In adults it occurs in bone marrow. In some cases extramedullary hematopoiesis is seen.

In developing embryos, blood formation occurs in aggregates of blood cells in the yolk sac, called blood islands. As development progresses, blood formation occurs in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. When bone marrow develops, it eventually assumes the task of forming most of the blood cells for the entire organism. However, maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes). While most haematopoiesis in adults occurs in the marrow of the long bones such as the femurs, it also occurs in spongy bone like ribs and sternum).

In some cases, the liver, thymus, and spleen may resume their haematopoietic function, if necessary. This is called extramedullary haematopoiesis. It may cause these organs to increase in size substantially. ^[1]

In some vertebrates, haematopoiesis can occur wherever there is a loose stroma of connective tissue and slow blood supply, such as the gut, spleen, kidney or ovaries.

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