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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome historical perspective

Introduction

Overview

Overview

In 1955, Gasser et al first described hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). There have been several outbreaks of HUS all over the world over past years.

Historical Perspective

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • In 1955, Gasser et al first described hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS).[1]
  • In 1983, Karmali et al discovered the association between Escherichia coli, Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria, and the development of HUS.[2]
  • Forty years ago, E. coli O157:H7 was identified as a cause of bloody diarrhea. Soon thereafter, stools from children with HUS were shown to contain E. coli of varying serotypes that produced toxins lethal to cultured Vero cells. These toxins came to be known as Shiga toxins, and the responsible organisms are now referred to as STEC.[3]
Outbreaks

Outbreaks

There have been several outbreaks of HUS, which are summarized below:

  • In Febryary 2006, HUS outbreak in Norway.[4]
  • 2011 EHEC/HUS outbreak in Germany.[5]
  • 2011 HUS outbreak nationwide in Norway.[6]
  • In June 2011, HUS outbreak from Shiga toxin-secreting Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 from contaminated fenugreek sprouts occurred near Bordeaux, France.[7] The importance of toxin genotype rather than serogroup alone was highlighted by the 2011 Shiga toxin 2-producing E. coli O104:H4 outbreak, which caused more than 4000 infections in 16 countries, 908 cases of HUS, and 50 deaths.[8]
  • In December 2016, HUS outbreak in Germany.[9]
References

References

  1. ↑ A. Schieppati, P. Ruggenenti, R. P. Cornejo, F. Ferrario, G. Gregorini, P. Zucchelli, E. Rossi & G. Remuzzi (1992). “Renal function at hospital admission as a prognostic factor in adult hemolytic uremic syndrome. The Italian Registry of Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome”. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2 (11): 1640–1644. PMID 1610985. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Karmali MA, Steele BT, Petric M, Lim C (1983). “Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools”. Lancet. 1 (8325): 619–20. PMID 6131302.
  3. ↑ Freedman SB, van de Kar NC, Tarr PI (October 2023). “Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and the Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome”. N Engl J Med. 389 (15): 1402–1414. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2108739. PMID 37819955 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Schimmer B, Nygard K, Eriksen HM, Lassen J, Lindstedt BA, Brandal LT; et al. (2008). “Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Norway caused by stx2-positive Escherichia coli O103:H25 traced to cured mutton sausages”. BMC Infect Dis. 8: 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-41. PMC 2335110. PMID 18387178.
  5. ↑ Juliane Manitz, Thomas Kneib, Martin Schlather, Dirk Helbing & Dirk Brockmann (2014). “Origin Detection During Food-borne Disease Outbreaks – A Case Study of the 2011 EHEC/HUS Outbreak in Germany”. PLoS currents. 6. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.f3fdeb08c5b9de7c09ed9cbcef5f01f2. PMID 24818065. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Lars Krogvold, Thore Henrichsen, Anna Bjerre, Damien Brackman, Henrik Dollner, Helga Gudmundsdottir, Gaute Syversen, Pal Aksel Naess & Hans Jacob Bangstad (2011). “Clinical aspects of a nationwide epidemic of severe haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children”. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine. 19: 44. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-19-44. PMID 21798000. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Delmas Y, Vendrely B, Clouzeau B, Bachir H, Bui HN, Lacraz A; et al. (2014). “Outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 haemolytic uraemic syndrome in France: outcome with eculizumab”. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 29 (3): 565–72. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft470. PMC 3938298. PMID 24293658.
  8. ↑ Freedman SB, van de Kar NC, Tarr PI (October 2023). “Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and the Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome”. N Engl J Med. 389 (15): 1402–1414. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2108739. PMID 37819955 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Vygen-Bonnet S, Rosner B, Wilking H, Fruth A, Prager R, Kossow A; et al. (2017). “Ongoing haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) outbreak caused by sorbitol-fermenting (SF) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, Germany, December 2016 to May 2017”. Euro Surveill. 22 (21). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.21.30541. PMC 5479985. PMID 28597831.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sogand Goudarzi, MD [2]Parth Vikram Singh, MBBS