Health Dictionary
Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.
Hepatic encephalopathy causes
Introduction
Overview
Overview
The most common cause of hepatic encephalopathy is hepatic cirrhosis, drugs/toxins and acute fulminant hepatitis. Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include Wilson’s disease, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, Budd-chiari syndrome, cancer or metastasis to liver), HELLP syndrome(hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) and sepsis.
Causes
Causes
Common causes
Common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:[1]
- Hepatic cirrhosis
- Drugs and toxins (acetaminophen[2], amoxicilin/clavulanate[3], halothane[4], iron[5], isoniazid[6] ,carbon tetrachloride[7], Wild mushroom Amanita phalloides[8])
- Acute fulminant viral hepatitis[9]
Less common causes
Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:
- Wilson’s disease[10]
- Alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency[11]
- Autoimmune hepatitis[12]
- Budd-chiari syndrome[13]
- Cancer (primary hepatic cancer or metastasis to liver)[14]
- HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets)[15]
- Sepsis[16]
- Right heart failure[17]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Budd-chiari syndrome |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Drug and toxins(acetaminophen, amoxicilin/clavulanate, halothane, iron, NSAIDs, isoniazid ,carbon tetrachloride, Wild mushroom Amanita phalloides) |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastrohepatic | Hepatic cirrhosis, acute fulminant viral hepatitis, Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, cancer (primary hepatic cancer or metastasis to liver) |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | Porphyria, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Sepsis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
- Cause 1:Acute fulminant viral hepatitis
- Cause 2:Alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency
- Cause 3:Autoimmune hepatitis
- Cause 4:Budd-chiari syndrome
- Cause 5:Cancer
- Cause 6:Drug and toxins
- Cause 7:HELLP syndrome
- Cause 8:Hepatic cirrhosis
- Cause 9:Sepsis
- Cause 10:Wilson’s disease
References
References
- ↑ Schuppan D, Afdhal NH (2008). “Liver cirrhosis”. Lancet. 371 (9615): 838–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9. PMC 2271178. PMID 18328931.
- ↑ Brusilow SW, Cooper AJ (2011). “Encephalopathy in acute liver failure resulting from acetaminophen intoxication: new observations with potential therapy”. Crit Care Med. 39 (11): 2550–3. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822572fd. PMC 3196740. PMID 21705899.
- ↑ Andrade, R. J.; Tulkens, P. M. (2011). “Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 66 (7): 1431–1446. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr159. ISSN 0305-7453.
- ↑ Habibollahi P, Mahboobi N, Esmaeili S, Safari S, Dabbagh A, Alavian SM (2011). “Halothane-induced hepatitis: A forgotten issue in developing countries: Halothane-induced hepatitis”. Hepat Mon. 11 (1): 3–6. PMC 3206652. PMID 22087107.
- ↑ Castaldo ET, Chari RS (2006). “Liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure”. HPB (Oxford). 8 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1080/13651820500465741. PMC 2131363. PMID 18333235.
- ↑ Khan FY, Rasoul F (2010). “Rifampicin-isoniazid induced fatal fulminant hepatitis during treatment of latent tuberculosis: A case report and literature review”. Indian J Crit Care Med. 14 (2): 97–100. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.68226. PMC 2936741. PMID 20859496.
- ↑ Chang HM, Liao YW, Chiang CH, Chen YJ, Lai YH, Chang YL; et al. (2012). “Improvement of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure by transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells without reprogramming factor c-Myc”. Int J Mol Sci. 13 (3): 3598–617. doi:10.3390/ijms13033598. PMC 3317730. PMID 22489170.
- ↑ Santi L, Maggioli C, Mastroroberto M, Tufoni M, Napoli L, Caraceni P (2012). “Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning”. Int J Hepatol. 2012: 487480. doi:10.1155/2012/487480. PMC 3395149. PMID 22811920.
- ↑ Manka P, Verheyen J, Gerken G, Canbay A (2016). “Liver Failure due to Acute Viral Hepatitis (A-E)”. Visc Med. 32 (2): 80–5. doi:10.1159/000444915. PMC 4926881. PMID 27413724.
- ↑ Ferenci P, Litwin T, Seniow J, Czlonkowska A (2015). “Encephalopathy in Wilson disease: copper toxicity or liver failure?”. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (Suppl 1): S88–95. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.09.002. PMC 4442862. PMID 26041965.
- ↑ Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR (2012). “Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease”. CMAJ. 184 (12): 1365–71. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111749. PMC 3447047. PMID 22761482.
- ↑ Mendizabal M, Marciano S, Videla MG, Anders M, Zerega A, Balderramo DC; et al. (2015). “Fulminant presentation of autoimmune hepatitis: clinical features and early predictors of corticosteroid treatment failure”. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 27 (6): 644–8. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000353. PMID 25923939.
- ↑ Martens P, Nevens F (2015). “Budd-Chiari syndrome”. United European Gastroenterol J. 3 (6): 489–500. doi:10.1177/2050640615582293. PMC 4669515. PMID 26668741.
- ↑ Willson KJ, Nott LM, Broadbridge VT, Price T (2013). “Hepatic encephalopathy associated with cancer or anticancer therapy”. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 6 (1): 11–6. PMC 3597933. PMID 23505573.
- ↑ Pandey CK, Karna ST, Pandey VK, Tandon M (2015). “Acute liver failure in pregnancy: Challenges and management”. Indian J Anaesth. 59 (3): 144–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.153035. PMC 4378074. PMID 25838585.
- ↑ Cotena S, Piazza O (2012). “Sepsis-associated encephalopathy”. Transl Med UniSa. 2: 20–7. PMC 3728775. PMID 23905041.
- ↑ Saner FH, Heuer M, Meyer M, Canbay A, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A; et al. (2009). “When the heart kills the liver: acute liver failure in congestive heart failure”. Eur J Med Res. 14: 541–6. PMC 3351940. PMID 20149988.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ;Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]