Hepatopulmonary syndrome risk factors

There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome. Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race. Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.

• There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
• Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race.^{[1] [2]}

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• Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.^[9][10]

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