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Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

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Hepatorenal syndrome historical perspective

Introduction

Overview

Overview

Historically, the hepatorenal syndrome was first defined as acute renal failure that occurred in the setting of biliary surgery. The syndrome was soon associated with advanced liver disease. It was determined that kidneys transplanted from patients with hepatorenal syndrome were functional, leading to the hypothesis that hepatorenal syndrome was a systemic process as opposed to renal disease, which affects the renal function.

Historical Perspective

Historical Perspective

Historically, the hepatorenal syndrome was first defined as acute renal failure that occurred in the setting of biliary surgery. The syndrome was soon associated with advanced liver disease. It was determined that kidneys transplanted from patients with hepatorenal syndrome were functional, leading to the hypothesis that hepatorenal syndrome was a systemic process as opposed to renal disease, which affects the renal function.[1][2]

  • In 1861, Frerichs noted an association among advanced liver disease, ascites, and oliguric renal failure in the absence of significant renal histologic changes.[3]
  • In 1863, Flint noted relation between ascites and renal failure.
  • In 1956, Hecker and Sherlock published article to explain the pathogensis of renal failure in presence of liver failure.[4]
  • In 1965, 1965, Shear demonstrated that acute tubular necrosis (ATN) may also supervene.[5]
  • In 1969, Koppel MH published article regarding normalization of kidney function after it is transplanted to an healthy liver functioning body.[6]
  • In 1970, Epstein M experimentally showed that splanchnic and systemic vasodilation in combination of renal vasoconstriction is the pathogensis behind hepatorenal syndrome.[7]
  • In 1972, Vesin P explained that the prognosis is very poor in patient with renal failure together with of liver failure and named it is “terminal functional renal failure”[8]
  • In 1978, European symposium gathered to decide diagnostic criteria for hepatorenal syndrome.
  • In 1980, in conclusion of European symposium Lancet published paper naming and diagnostic outlines of the condition as hepatorenal syndrome or hepatic nephropathy.
References

References

  1. ↑ Helwig FC, Schutz CB. A liver kidney syndrome. Clinical pathological and experimental studies. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932;55:570-580.
  2. ↑ Koppel MH, Coburn JW, Mims MM, Goldstein H, Boyle JD, Rubini ME. Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functional nature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jun 19;280(25):1367-71. PMID 4890476
  3. ↑ Cade R, Wagemaker H, Vogel S, Mars D, Hood-Lewis D, Privette M; et al. (1987). “Hepatorenal syndrome. Studies of the effect of vascular volume and intraperitoneal pressure on renal and hepatic function”. Am J Med. 82 (3): 427–38. PMID 3548346.
  4. ↑ HECKER R, SHERLOCK S (1956). “Electrolyte and circulatory changes in terminal liver failure”. Lancet. 271 (6953): 1121–5. PMID 13377688.
  5. ↑ Mandal AK, Lansing M, Fahmy A (1982). “Acute tubular necrosis in hepatorenal syndrome: an electron microscopy study”. Am J Kidney Dis. 2 (3): 363–74. PMID 7148828.
  6. ↑ Koppel MH, Coburn JW, Mims MM, Goldstein H, Boyle JD, Rubini ME (1969). “Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functionalnature of renal failure in advanced liver disease”. N Engl J Med. 280 (25): 1367–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM196906192802501. PMID 4890476.
  7. ↑ Epstein M, Berk DP, Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, Chalmers TC, Abrams HL; et al. (1970). “Renal failure in the patient with cirrhosis. The role of active vasoconstriction”. Am J Med. 49 (2): 175–85. PMID 5452940.
  8. ↑ Vesin P (1972). “[Functional renal insufficiency in cirrhotics. Course. Mechanism. Treatment]”. Arch Fr Mal App Dig. 61 (12): 775–86. PMID 4581239.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sunny Kumar MD [2]