Hypercalcemia risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hypercalcemia include postmenopausal women, age group 50-60 year, family history of hyperparathyroidism, history of familial syndromes, and renal diseases.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of hypercalcemia include:

Postmenopausal women
Age group 50-60 years
Family history of hyperparathyroidism
History of familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, type 2A or type 4; familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroid-jaw tumor syndrome

Common risk factors in the development of hypercalcemia in chronic renal failure include:^[1]

High serum phosphorus expression levels
Low serum creatinine expression levels
Low serum calcium expression levels
Female gender
Hypertension

Common risk factors in the development of hypercalcemia post renal transplantation include:^[2]

Elderly individuals
Longer duration of dialysis

Less Common Risk Factors

Less common risk factors in the development of hypecalcemia include:

History of current or past lithium use^[3]
Exposure to head and neck radiation

Less common risk factors in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure include:^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wei Y, Lin J, Yang F, Li X, Hou Y, Lu R, Shi X, Liu Z, Du Y (2016). “Risk factors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease”. Exp Ther Med. 12 (2): 1206–1212. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3438. PMC 4950648. PMID 27446345.
↑ Hamidian Jahromi A, Roozbeh J, Raiss-Jalali GA, Dabaghmanesh A, Jalaeian H, Bahador A, Nikeghbalian S, Salehipour M, Salahi H, Malek-Hosseini A (2009). “Risk factors of post renal transplant hyperparathyroidism”. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 20 (4): 573–6. PMID 19587496.
↑ Szalat, Auryan; Mazeh, Haggi; Freund, Herbert R (2009). “Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: report of four cases and review of the literature” (PDF). European Journal of Endocrinology. 160: 317–323.

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[pmid27446345-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Wei Y, Lin J, Yang F, Li X, Hou Y, Lu R, Shi X, Liu Z, Du Y (2016). “Risk factors associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease”. Exp Ther Med. 12 (2): 1206–1212. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3438. PMC 4950648. PMID 27446345.

[pmid19587496-2] Hamidian Jahromi A, Roozbeh J, Raiss-Jalali GA, Dabaghmanesh A, Jalaeian H, Bahador A, Nikeghbalian S, Salehipour M, Salahi H, Malek-Hosseini A (2009). “Risk factors of post renal transplant hyperparathyroidism”. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 20 (4): 573–6. PMID 19587496.

[3] Szalat, Auryan; Mazeh, Haggi; Freund, Herbert R (2009). “Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism: report of four cases and review of the literature” (PDF). European Journal of Endocrinology. 160: 317–323.

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