Hyperopia
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Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Longsightedness; Farsightedness
Overview
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, longsightedness or hypermetropia, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in theeye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance. As an object moves toward the eye, the eye must increase its power to keep the image in focus on the retina. If the power of the cornea and lens is insufficient, as in hyperopia, the image will appear blurred.
People with hyperopia can experience blurred vision, asthenopia, accommodative dysfunction, binocular dysfunction, amblyopia, and strabismus.[1]
Hyperopia is often confused with presbyopia,[2][3] another condition that frequently causes blurry near vision.[4] Presbyopes who report good far vision typically experience blurry near vision because of a reduced accommodative amplitude brought about by natural aging changes with the crystalline lens.[4] It is also sometimes referred to as farsightedness, since in otherwise normally-sighted persons it makes it more difficult to focus on near objects than on far objects.[5]
Classification
Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye’s accommodative status.
Diagnosis
History and Symtpoms
Visual acuity is affected according to the amount of hyperopia, as well as the patient’s age, visual demands, and accommodative ability. Mild farsightedness may not cause any problems except for a need for reading glasses.
Treatment
Surgery
Various eye care professionals, including ophthalmologists, optometrists, orthoptists, and opticians, are involved in the treatment and management of hyperopia. At the conclusion of an eye examination, an eye doctor may provide the patient with an eyeglass prescription for corrective lenses. Minor amounts of hyperopia are sometimes left uncorrected, however, larger amounts may be corrected with convex lenses in eyeglassesorcontact lenses. Convex lenses have a positive dioptric value, which causes the light to focus closer than its normal range. Hyperopia is sometimes correctable with various refractive surgery procedures (LASIK). It can also be corrected with special concave lenses.
References
- ↑ American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with hyperopia. 1997.
- ↑ “Eye Health: Presbyopia and Your Eyes.” WebMD.com. October, 2005. Accessed September 21, 2006.
- ↑ Chou B. “Refractive Error and Presbyopia.” Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 American Optometric Association.Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with presbyopia. 1998.
- ↑ Kazuo Tsubota, Brian S. Boxer Wacher, Dimitri T. Azar, and Douglas D. Koch, editors, , Hyperopia and Presbyopia, New York: Marcel Decker, 2003
Historical Perspective
Classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye’s accommodative status.
Classification
Classification by Clinical Appearance
- Simple hyperopia
- Pathological hyperopia
- Functional hyperopia
References
Pathophysiology
Causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
Farsightedness is the result of the visual image being focused behind the retina rather than directly on it. It may be caused by the eyeball being too small or the focusing power being too weak. Farsightedness is often present from birth, but children have a very flexible eye lens, which helps make up for the problem. As aging occurs, glasses or contact lenses may be required to correct the vision. If you have family members who are farsighted, you are also more likely to become farsighted.
References
Differentiating Hyperopia from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Prognosis
The outcome is expected to be good.
Complications
Farsightedness can be a risk factor for glaucoma and crossed eyes.
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination| Laboratory Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
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