Inspection of the heart

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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During the physical examination of the cardiovascular system, the patient’s precordium should be inspected for the following:

• Pectus excavatum which may accentuate murmurs
• masses
• scars
• lesions
• signs of trauma and previous surgery (e.g. median sternotomy)
• a precordial bulge
• visible apex beat
• increased in jugular venous pressure (JVP)

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