Developer site: The content shown here is test data.

MyEClinic
MyEClinic
Health Dictionary AI Health Chat Find an Online Doctor
A serene Zen garden with raked sand and smooth stones, symbolising clarity and calm

Health Dictionary

Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

Back to skin conditions

Kidney stone epidemiology and demographics

Introduction

Overview

Overview

In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones. According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years. According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic. Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis. The incidence of nephrolithiasis increases with age.  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women. Nephrolithiasis usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity. Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1. The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3. Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity. The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States. The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east. The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.” The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Epidemiology and Demographics

Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:[1][2][3][4]

Incidence

  • In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[5]

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones.[6]
  • According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
  • According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic.[7]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • There is no independent association of prevalent kidney stone disease with all-cause and CV mortality.[8]

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop nephrolithiasis.
  • The incidence of nephrolithiasis increases with age.[9]
  •  At initial diagnosis, the mean age was 44.8 years in men and 40.9 years in women

Race

  • Nephrolithiasis usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity.

Gender

  • Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[10]
  • The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.[11]
  • Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity.

Region

  • The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States.
  • The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
  • The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”[12]
  • The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.[13]
References

References

  1. ↑ Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH (July 2015). “The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis”. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 22 (4): 273–8. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004. PMID 26088071.
  2. ↑ Roudakova K, Monga M (January 2014). “The evolving epidemiology of stone disease”. Indian J Urol. 30 (1): 44–8. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.124206. PMC 3897053. PMID 24497682.
  3. ↑ Curhan GC (August 2007). “Epidemiology of stone disease”. Urol. Clin. North Am. 34 (3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003. PMC 2693870. PMID 17678980.
  4. ↑ Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR (September 2017). “Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis”. Investig Clin Urol. 58 (5): 299–306. doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299. PMC 5577325. PMID 28868500.
  5. ↑ Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG (2010). “Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors”. Rev Urol. 12 (2–3): e86–96. PMC 2931286. PMID 20811557.
  6. ↑ Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS (July 2012). “Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States”. Eur. Urol. 62 (1): 160–5. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. PMC 3362665. PMID 22498635.
  7. ↑ Brown J (2006). “Diagnostic and treatment patterns for renal colic in US emergency departments”. Int Urol Nephrol. 38 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11255-005-3622-6. PMID 16502058.
  8. ↑ Tang J, Mettler P, McFann K, Chonchol M (2013). “The association of prevalent kidney stone disease with mortality in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994”. Am. J. Nephrol. 37 (5): 501–6. doi:10.1159/000350691. PMC 4278430. PMID 23635714.
  9. ↑ Lieske JC, Peña de la Vega LS, Slezak JM, Bergstralh EJ, Leibson CL, Ho KL, Gettman MT (February 2006). “Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: an update”. Kidney Int. 69 (4): 760–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000150. PMID 16518332.
  10. ↑ Pfau, Anja; Knauf, Felix (2016). “Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016”. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 68 (6): 973–985. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016. ISSN 0272-6386.
  11. ↑ Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK (March 2010). “Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease”. Urology. 75 (3): 543–6, 546.e1. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007. PMC 3410535. PMID 19854493.
  12. ↑ Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H (September 1994). “Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States”. Kidney Int. 46 (3): 893–9. PMID 7996811.
  13. ↑ Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M (March 1996). “Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones”. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (5): 487–95. PMID 8610664.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]