Biochemistry is the science deals with chemical composition and its reactions, happening in the living cells of organisms, such as mammals, vertebrates, plants and all living organisms.

Main article: Biochemistry

Main article: History of biochemistry

• Major categories of bio-compounds:
  • Carbohydrates : sugar — disaccharide — polysaccharide — starch — glycogen
  • Lipids : fatty acid — fats — essential oils — oils — waxes — cholesterol
  • Nucleic acids : DNA — RNA — mRNA — tRNA — rRNA — codon — adenosine — cytosine — guanine — thymine — uracil
  • Proteins :
    • amino acid — glycine — arginine — lysine
    • peptide — primary structure — secondary structure — tertiary structure — conformation — protein folding
• Chemical properties:
  • molecular bond — covalent bond — ionic bond — hydrogen bond — ester — ethyl
  • molecular charge — hydrophilic — hydrophobic — polar
  • pH — acid — alkaline — base
  • oxidation — reduction — hydrolysis
• Structural compounds:
  • In cells: flagellin — peptidoglycan — myelin — actin — myosin
  • In animals: chitin — keratin — collagen — silk
  • In plants: cellulose — lignin — cell wall
• Enzymes and enzyme activity:
  • enzyme kinetics — enzyme inhibition
  • proteolysis — ubiquitin — proteasome
  • kinase — dehydrogenase
• Membranes : fluid mosaic model — diffusion — osmosis
  • phospholipids — glycolipid — glycocalyx — antigen — isoprene
  • ion channel — proton pump — electron transport — ion gradient — antiporter — symporter — quinone — riboflavin
• Energy pathways :
  • pigments : chlorophyll — carotenoids — xanthophyll — cytochrome — phycobilin — bacteriorhodopsin — hemoglobin — myoglobin — absorption spectrum — action spectrum — fluorescence
  • Photosynthesis : light reaction — dark reaction
  • Fermentation : Acetyl-CoA — lactic acid
  • Cellular respiration : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — NADH — pyruvate — oxalate — citrate
  • Chemosynthesis
• Regulation
  • hormones : auxin
  • signal transduction — growth factor — transcription factor — protein kinase — SH3 domain
  • Malfunctions : tumor — oncogene — tumor suppressor gene
  • Receptors : Integrin — transmembrane receptor — ion channel
• Techniques : electrophoresis — chromatography — mass spectrometry — x-ray diffraction — Southern blot — fractionation — Gram stain

Main article: List of biochemistry topics

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