Male contraceptive future or investigational therapies

• Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) consists of injecting styrene maleic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide into the vas deferens and leads to long lasting sterility. A second injection washes out the substance and restores fertility. As of 2007, RISUG is in Phase III of human testing.^[1]
• Vas-occlusive contraception consists of partially or completely blocking the vas deferens, the tubes connecting the epididymis to the urethra. While a vasectomy removes a piece of each vas deferens, the intra vas device (IVD) and other injectable plugs only block the tubes until the devices are removed.^[1]
• Heat-based contraception involves heating the testicles to a high temperature for a short period of time to prevent the formation of sperm.
• Adjudin, a non-toxic analog of lonidamine which, in tests on rats, has been shown to cause reversible infertility.^[2] The drug disrupts the junctions between nurse cells (Sertoli cells) in the testes and forming spermatids. The sperm are released prematurely and never become functional gametes. A new targeted delivery mechanism has made Adjudin much more effective.^[3]
• A male hormonal contraceptive combination protocol has been developed, involving injections of Depo-Provera to prevent spermatogenesis, combined with the topical application of testosterone gel to provide hormonal support.^[1][4]
• Research has been performed on interference with the maturation of sperm in the epididymis.^[5][6]

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