Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.
| Diseases
|
Clinical manifestations
|
Para-clinical findings
|
Gold standard
|
Additional findings
|
| Symptoms
|
Physical examination
|
| Lab Findings
|
Imaging
|
Histopathology
|
| Headache
|
Fever
|
Weight loss
|
Arthralgia
|
Claudication
|
Bruit
|
HTN
|
Focal neurological disorder
|
Biomarker
|
CBC
|
ESR
|
Other
|
CT scan
|
Angiography
|
Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
|
Other
|
| Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
|
Polyarteritis nodosa[1]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
LAMP-2 protein autoantibodies
|
Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis
|
↑
|
↑ Cr or BUN,
↑ ALT or AST, Proteinuria
|
Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage
|
Multiple microaneurysms, Hemorrhage due to focal rupture, Occlusion
|
Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography
|
–
|
Necrotizing inflammatory lesions
|
Angiography
|
Sudden weight loss, Abdominal pain
|
| Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa[2]
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
–
|
HBsAg
|
Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis
|
↑
|
↑ ALT or AST
|
Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage
|
Microaneurysms in mesenteric artery
|
Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography
|
–
|
Necrotizing inflammatory lesions
|
Angiography
|
Peripheral neuropathy, Livedo reticularis
|
| Kawasaki disease[3]
|
–
|
+
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
+/-
|
–
|
NT-proBNP, Meprin A, Filamin C
|
Normochromic anemia, ↑WBC with a left shift, Thrombocytosis
|
↑
|
Acute-phase reactants, ↓Cholesterol, ↓HDL, ↓ApolipoA
|
Coronary artery calcifications
|
Coronary artery aneurysms, stenosis or occlusion
|
Coronary artery anomaly in echocardiography
|
Electron beam CT (EBCT)
|
Acute destruction of the media by neutrophils, with loss of elastic fibers
|
History and physical examination
|
Diarrhea, Vomiting
|
| Infectious disease
|
Leptospirosis[4]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10
|
Anemia
|
–
|
↑Cr or BUN,
↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria
|
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Toxin-mediated break down of endothelial cell membranes of capillaries
|
Culture and the microscopic agglutination test
|
Red eyes, Skin rash
|
| Lyme Disease[5]
|
+/-
|
+
|
+/-
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CCL19 (MIP3B)
|
Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia
|
–
|
Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria, ↑ALT or AST
|
Punctate lesions in periventricular white matter in brain SPECT
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
|
Serologic tests
|
Erythema migrans
|
| Cardiovascular disease
|
Cholesterol Embolism[6]
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
IL-5
|
Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis
|
↑
|
Eosinophiluria
|
Thoracic and abdominal aortic sources of embolism
|
Atheroembolism in abdominal aorta and the lower extremity arteries
|
Excluding an intracardiac source of embolism with echocardiography
|
–
|
Birefringent crystals or biconvex needle-shaped ghostly clefts within the arterial lumen
|
Angiography
|
Livedo reticularis,
Ischemic patches
|
| Segmental arterial mediolysis[7]
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
Leukocytosis
|
–
|
–
|
Visceral artery aneurysm in CT angiography
|
Alternating aneurysms and stenoses (beading)
|
Retroperitoneal hematoma
|
–
|
Disruption of the smooth muscle in the media
|
Angiography
|
Hematuria, Ischemic colitis
|
| Systemic disease
|
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis[8]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Rheumatoid factor (RF), S100A12
|
Lymphocytosis, Thrombocytopenia
|
↑
|
Myeloid-related proteins 8/14 (MRP8/14)
|
Synovial hypertrophy, Joint effusions
|
Cerebral vasculitis
|
Inflamed synovium
|
Bone scanning
|
Vascular congestion, RBC extravasation, Venular lumen occlusion
|
Conventional radiography
|
Evanescent rash, Dactylitis
|
References
- ↑ Howard T, Ahmad K, Swanson JA, Misra S (2014). “Polyarteritis nodosa”. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 17 (4): 247–51. doi:10.1053/j.tvir.2014.11.005. PMC 4363102. PMID 25770638.
- ↑ Sharma A, Sharma K (September 2013). “Hepatotropic viral infection associated systemic vasculitides-hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis”. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 3 (3): 204–12. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2013.06.001. PMC 4216827. PMID 25755502.
- ↑ Takahashi K, Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y (2011). “Pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease”. Clin Exp Immunol. 164 Suppl 1: 20–2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04361.x. PMC 3095860. PMID 21447126.
- ↑ Levett PN (April 2001). “Leptospirosis”. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (2): 296–326. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001. PMC 88975. PMID 11292640.
- ↑ Biesiada G, Czepiel J, Leśniak MR, Garlicki A, Mach T (2012). “Lyme disease: review”. Arch Med Sci. 8 (6): 978–82. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.30948. PMC 3542482. PMID 23319969.
- ↑ Avci G, Akoz T, Gul AE (2009). “Cutaneous cholesterol embolization”. J Dermatol Case Rep. 3 (2): 27–9. doi:10.3315/jdcr.2009.1031. PMC 3157794. PMID 21886725.
- ↑ Chao, Christine (2009). “Segmental Arterial Mediolysis”. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. 26 (03): 224–232. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1225666. ISSN 0739-9529.
- ↑ Espinosa M, Gottlieb BS (July 2012). “Juvenile idiopathic arthritis”. Pediatr Rev. 33 (7): 303–13. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-303. PMID 22753788.
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