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Menopause natural history, complications and prognosis

Introduction

Overview

Overview

If left untreated, women with menopause may progress to develop hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Common complications of menopause includecardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, Stroke. The complication that is happened with hormonal replacement therapy includes ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. Generally, the prognosis of menopause is good with treatment and a healthy lifestyle. In the late postmenopause stage, most menopausal symptoms relieved in most women. but untreated menopausal symptoms are poor prognosis in women who have high-risk factors to develop complications of menopause.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Complications that can develop as a result of menopause include:[2][3][4][5]

Complications that can develop as a result of the treatment of menopause by hormone replacement therapy include[7]

Prognosis

References

References

  1. ↑ Xu J, Bartoces M, Neale AV, Dailey RK, Northrup J, Schwartz KL (2005). “Natural history of menopause symptoms in primary care patients: a MetroNet study”. J Am Board Fam Pract. 18 (5): 374–82. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.5.374. PMIDΒ 16148247.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Marten SK (1993). “Complications of menopause and the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy”. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 5 (2): 55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.1993.tb00844.x. PMIDΒ 8323825.
  3. ↑ Teede HJ, Lombard C, Deeks AA (2010). “Obesity, metabolic complications and the menopause: an opportunity for prevention”. Climacteric. 13 (3): 203–9. doi:10.3109/13697130903296909. PMIDΒ 19863456.
  4. ↑ Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). “Premature menopause”. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMCΒ 3634232.
  5. ↑ Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M (2007). “Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence”. Climacteric. 10 Suppl 1: 19–24. doi:10.1080/13697130601114917. PMIDΒ 17364594.
  6. ↑ Lisabeth L, Bushnell C (2012). “Stroke risk in women: the role of menopause and hormone therapy”. Lancet Neurol. 11 (1): 82–91. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70269-1. PMCΒ 3615462. PMIDΒ 22172623.
  7. ↑ Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV; et al. (2015). “Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline”. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100 (11): 3975–4011. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2236. PMIDΒ 26444994.
  8. ↑ Schiefeling M (1996). “Prognostic features of menopausal and postmenopausal applicants for life insurance”. J Insur Med. 28 (1): 27–34. PMIDΒ 10172866.

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]