Otitis media causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Otitis media is caused eustachian tube dysfunction due to varying factors. Infection-based otitis media is usually caused by the pathogen causing nasopharyngitis, including bacterial and viral causes of upper respiratory tract infections. Other factors include allergies, airborne irritants, and sources of injury and rupture to the tympanic membrane. This includes physical injury, extremely loud noise, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.

Causes

Otitis media is caused by factors that lead to eustachian tube dysfunction due to mucosal congestion:^[1]

Infectious^[2]

Infectious causes of otitis media are usually the pathogen for preceding nasopharyingitis:^[3]

Bacterial infections:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[4]
- Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae
- Group A streptococcus
- Staphylococcus aureus^[1]
- Streptococcus pyogenes
Upper respiratory infection:

Non-Infectious Causes for Effusion

Allergies.^[5]
Airborne irritants.
Rupture of the tympanic membrane:^[6]
- Ear injury.
- Extremely loud noises.
- Sudden changes in air pressure.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). “Update on otitis media – prevention and treatment”. Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
↑ Leibovitz E, Broides A, Greenberg D, Newman N (2010). “Current management of pediatric acute otitis media”. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8 (2): 151–61. doi:10.1586/eri.09.112. PMID 20109045.
↑ Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S (2013). “New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children”. Front Pediatr. 1: 52. doi:10.3389/fped.2013.00052. PMC 3874850. PMID 24400296.
↑ Acuin J (2007). “Chronic suppurative otitis media”. BMJ Clin Evid. 2007. PMC 2943814. PMID 19454051.
↑ “Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”.
↑ “Ruptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”.

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[pmid24453496-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). “Update on otitis media – prevention and treatment”. Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.

[pmid20109045-2] Leibovitz E, Broides A, Greenberg D, Newman N (2010). “Current management of pediatric acute otitis media”. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8 (2): 151–61. doi:10.1586/eri.09.112. PMID 20109045.

[pmid24400296-3] Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S (2013). “New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children”. Front Pediatr. 1: 52. doi:10.3389/fped.2013.00052. PMC 3874850. PMID 24400296.

[pmid19454051-4] Acuin J (2007). “Chronic suppurative otitis media”. BMJ Clin Evid. 2007. PMC 2943814. PMID 19454051.

[urlOtitis_media_with_effusion:_MedlinePlus_Medical_Encyclopedia-5] “Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”.

[urlRuptured_eardrum:_MedlinePlus_Medical_Encyclopedia-6] “Ruptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia”.

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