Proctitis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Rectal inflammation;
Overview
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Proctitis is defined as an inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum, affecting only the last 6 inches of the rectum.
Symptoms are ineffectual straining to empty the bowels, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and possible discharge, a feeling that you didn’t adequately empty the bowels, involuntary spasms and cramping during bowel movements, left-sided abdominal pain, passage of mucus through the rectum and anorectal pain.
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Historical Perspective
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Pathophysiology
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Causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
The most common causes of proctitis include sexually transmitted diseases and food-borne bacterial infections. Other causes include sources of anorectal physical trauma from injury or chemical and toxin exposure.
Causes
Common Causes
- Amebiasis
- Anal infection
- Bacillary dysentery
- Bacterial infection
- Campylobacter species
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Clostridium difficile
- Cytomegalovirus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia
- Herpes simplex
- Hiv
- Human papillomavirus
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Neisseria gonorrhoea
- Rectal infection
- Salmonella
- ShigellaÂ
- Syphillis
- TrichomoniasisÂ
- Yersinia
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Chronic mucosal ischemia, Ischemia, Obliterative endarteritis, Vasculitis |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Chemicals, Ginkgo biloba reaction, Physical agents, Toxins |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Anal warts |
| Drug Side Effect | Certain medications |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Anorectal trauma, Crohn’s disease, Giardia, Gluten intolerance, Rectal infection, Rectal injury, Ulcerative colitis |
| Genetic | Treponema pallidum |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Radiation therapy |
| Infectious Disease | Amebiasis, Anal infection, Bacillary dysentery, Bacterial infection, Campylobacter species, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clostridium difficile, Cytomegalovirus , Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Herpes simplex, Hiv, Human papillomavirus, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Rectal infection, Salmonella, Shigella , Syphillis, Trichomoniasis , Yersinia |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Allergies, Behcet’s disease, Gluten intolerance, Immunodeficiency disorders |
| Sexual | Herpes simplex, Hiv, Human papillomavirus, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Syphillis |
| Trauma | Anorectal trauma, Foreign object, Physical agents, Rectal injury |
| Urologic | Non-specific urethritis |
| Miscellaneous | Idiopathic |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Adverse reaction to enema
- Allergies
- Amebiasis
- Anal infection
- Anal warts
- Anorectal trauma
- Bacillary dysentery
- Bacterial infection
- Behcet’s disease
- Campylobacter species
- Certain medications
- Chemicals
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Chronic mucosal ischemia
- Clostridium difficile
- Crohn’s disease
- Cytomegalovirus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Foreign object
- Giardia
- Ginkgo biloba reaction
- Gluten intolerance
- Herpes simplex
- Herpes virus 2
- Hiv
- Human papillomavirus
- Idiopathic
- Immunodeficiency disorders
- Ischemia
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Neisseria gonorrhoea
- Non-specific urethritisÂ
- Obliterative endarteritis
- Papillomavirus
- Physical agents
- Radiation therapy
- Rectal infection
- Rectal injury
- Salmonella
- ShigellaÂ
- Syphillis
- Toxins
- Treponema pallidum
- TrichomoniasisÂ
- Ulcerative colitis
- Vasculitis
- Yersinia
References
Differentiating Proctitis from other Diseases
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Differentiating Proctitis from other Diseases
- Diseases with similar symptoms
- Acute or Chronic bacterial prostatitis
- Pinworm
- Ulcerative colitis
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Epidemiology and Demographics
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Risk Factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors include:
- Autoimmune disorders
- High-risk sexual practices such as anal sex
References
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Complications
- Possible Complications
- Anal fistula
- Anemia
- Recto-vaginal fistula (women)
- Severe bleeding
Prognosis
The probable outcome is good with treatment.
References
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Abdominal X Ray | CT | Endoscopy | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
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