Health Dictionary
Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.
SOD3
Introduction
Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD3 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein family. SODs are antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of two superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. The product of this gene is thought to protect the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. The protein is secreted into the extracellular space and forms a glycosylated homotetramer that is anchored to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surfaces through an interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan and collagen. A fraction of the protein is cleaved near the C-terminus before secretion to generate circulating tetramers that do not interact with the ECM.[1]
Further reading
Further reading
- Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ (August 2002). “Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression”. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 33 (3): 337–49. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00905-X. PMID 12126755.
- Faraci FM, Didion SP (August 2004). “Vascular protection: superoxide dismutase isoforms in the vessel wall”. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 24 (8): 1367–73. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000133604.20182.cf. PMID 15166009.
- Adachi T, Ohta H, Yamada H, Futenma A, Kato K, Hirano K (November 1992). “Quantitative analysis of extracellular-superoxide dismutase in serum and urine by ELISA with monoclonal antibody”. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 212 (3): 89–102. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(92)90176-Q. PMID 1477980.
- Adachi T, Ohta H, Hayashi K, Hirano K, Marklund SL (September 1992). “The site of nonenzymic glycation of human extracellular-superoxide dismutase in vitro”. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 13 (3): 205–10. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(92)90016-A. PMID 1505778.
- Marklund SL (February 1990). “Expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase by human cell lines”. The Biochemical Journal. 266 (1): 213–9. PMC 1131117. PMID 2106874.
- Hendrickson DJ, Fisher JH, Jones C, Ho YS (December 1990). “Regional localization of human extracellular superoxide dismutase gene to 4pter-q21”. Genomics. 8 (4): 736–8. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90264-U. PMID 2276747.
- Hjalmarsson K, Marklund SL, Engström A, Edlund T (September 1987). “Isolation and sequence of complementary DNA encoding human extracellular superoxide dismutase”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (18): 6340–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.18.6340. PMC 299071. PMID 3476950.
- Marklund SL (October 1984). “Extracellular superoxide dismutase in human tissues and human cell lines”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 74 (4): 1398–403. doi:10.1172/JCI111550. PMC 425307. PMID 6541229.
- Yamada H, Yamada Y, Adachi T, Goto H, Ogasawara N, Futenma A, Kitano M, Hirano K, Kato K (June 1995). “Molecular analysis of extracellular-superoxide dismutase gene associated with high level in serum”. The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics. 40 (2): 177–84. doi:10.1007/BF01883574. PMID 7662997.
- Folz RJ, Crapo JD (July 1994). “Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3): tissue-specific expression, genomic characterization, and computer-assisted sequence analysis of the human EC SOD gene”. Genomics. 22 (1): 162–71. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1357. PMID 7959763.
- Sandström J, Nilsson P, Karlsson K, Marklund SL (July 1994). “10-fold increase in human plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase content caused by a mutation in heparin-binding domain”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (29): 19163–6. PMID 8034674.
- Adachi T, Yamada H, Yamada Y, Morihara N, Yamazaki N, Murakami T, Futenma A, Kato K, Hirano K (January 1996). “Substitution of glycine for arginine-213 in extracellular-superoxide dismutase impairs affinity for heparin and endothelial cell surface”. The Biochemical Journal. 313 ( Pt 1) (1): 235–9. PMC 1216888. PMID 8546689.
- Oury TD, Crapo JD, Valnickova Z, Enghild JJ (July 1996). “Human extracellular superoxide dismutase is a tetramer composed of two disulphide-linked dimers: a simplified, high-yield purification of extracellular superoxide dismutase”. The Biochemical Journal. 317 ( Pt 1) (1): 51–7. PMC 1217485. PMID 8694786.
- Adachi T, Morihara N, Yamazaki N, Yamada H, Futenma A, Kato K, Hirano K (July 1996). “An arginine-213 to glycine mutation in human extracellular-superoxide dismutase reduces susceptibility to trypsin-like proteinases”. Journal of Biochemistry. 120 (1): 184–8. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021383. PMID 8864862.
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (September 1996). “Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery”. Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Enghild JJ, Thogersen IB, Oury TD, Valnickova Z, Hojrup P, Crapo JD (May 1999). “The heparin-binding domain of extracellular superoxide dismutase is proteolytically processed intracellularly during biosynthesis”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (21): 14818–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.21.14818. PMID 10329680.
- Bowler RP, Nicks M, Olsen DA, Thøgersen IB, Valnickova Z, Højrup P, Franzusoff A, Enghild JJ, Crapo JD (May 2002). “Furin proteolytically processes the heparin-binding region of extracellular superoxide dismutase”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (19): 16505–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105409200. PMID 11861638.
- Yamamoto M, Hara H, Adachi T (August 2002). “The expression of extracellular-superoxide dismutase is increased by lysophosphatidylcholine in human monocytic U937 cells”. Atherosclerosis. 163 (2): 223–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00007-2. PMID 12052468.
- Serra V, von Zglinicki T, Lorenz M, Saretzki G (February 2003). “Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a major antioxidant in human fibroblasts and slows telomere shortening”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (9): 6824–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207939200. PMID 12475988.