Sjögren's syndrome causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

Common causes of Sjögren’s syndrome include viral infection such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Coxsackie virus, hepatitis C virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Retroviruses and genetic factors.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

HIV is a life-threatening cause of Sjögren’s syndrome.

Common Causes

Sjögren’s syndrome may be caused by:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Viral infection
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Coxsackie virus
- Hepatitis C virus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
- Retroviruses
  - HTLV-I
  - Human endogenous retrovirus and LTRs
  - HIV
Genetic factors
- HLA genes
  - HLA-DQB1*0201 and HLA-DQA1*0501 in Caucasian patients
  - DRB1*0803-DQA1*0103-DQB1*0601 in Han Chinese
  - HLA-DR5 in Greek patients
  - DRB1*0405-DRB4*0101-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0401 in Japanese patients
  - DRB1*15 in Spanish patients
- Non-HLA genes
  - MBL2
  - FCGR2B
  - LTA
  - TNF
  - NCR3
  - NFKBIA
  - TAP2
  - EBF1
  - PTPN22
  - TNFRSF4
  - IL10

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Coxsackie virus, hepatitis C virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) , Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Retroviruses, HTLV-I , Human endogenous retrovirus and LTRs, HIV
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

Coxsackie virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Hepatitis C virus
HIV
HTLV-I
Human endogenous retrovirus and LTRs
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
Genetic factors
Retroviruses

References

↑ Biberfeld P, Petrén AL, Eklund A, Lindemalm C, Barkhem T, Ekman M, Ablashi D, Salahuddin Z (September 1988). “Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6, HBLV) in sarcoidosis and lymphoproliferative disorders”. J. Virol. Methods. 21 (1–4): 49–59. PMID 3053745.
↑ Fox RI (September 1994). “Epidemiology, pathogenesis, animal models, and treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome”. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 6 (5): 501–8. PMID 7993708.
↑ Sumida T, Yonaha F, Maeda T, Kita Y, Iwamoto I, Koike T, Yoshida S (April 1994). “Expression of sequences homologous to HTLV-I tax gene in the labial salivary glands of Japanese patients with Sjögren’s syndrome”. Arthritis Rheum. 37 (4): 545–50. PMID 8147932.
↑ Kordossis T, Paikos S, Aroni K, Kitsanta P, Dimitrakopoulos A, Kavouklis E, Alevizou V, Kyriaki P, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM (June 1998). “Prevalence of Sjögren’s-like syndrome in a cohort of HIV-1-positive patients: descriptive pathology and immunopathology”. Br. J. Rheumatol. 37 (6): 691–5. PMID 9667626.
↑ Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C, Ambrosini JC, Trinchet JC, Pateron D, Mal F, Callard P, Beaugrand M (February 1992). “Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjögren’s syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease”. Lancet. 339 (8789): 321–3. PMID 1346409.
↑ Terada K, Katamine S, Eguchi K, Moriuchi R, Kita M, Shimada H, Yamashita I, Iwata K, Tsuji Y, Nagataki S (October 1994). “Prevalence of serum and salivary antibodies to HTLV-1 in Sjögren’s syndrome”. Lancet. 344 (8930): 1116–9. PMID 7934493.

[pmid3053745-1] Biberfeld P, Petrén AL, Eklund A, Lindemalm C, Barkhem T, Ekman M, Ablashi D, Salahuddin Z (September 1988). “Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6, HBLV) in sarcoidosis and lymphoproliferative disorders”. J. Virol. Methods. 21 (1–4): 49–59. PMID 3053745.

[pmid7993708-2] Fox RI (September 1994). “Epidemiology, pathogenesis, animal models, and treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome”. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 6 (5): 501–8. PMID 7993708.

[pmid8147932-3] Sumida T, Yonaha F, Maeda T, Kita Y, Iwamoto I, Koike T, Yoshida S (April 1994). “Expression of sequences homologous to HTLV-I tax gene in the labial salivary glands of Japanese patients with Sjögren’s syndrome”. Arthritis Rheum. 37 (4): 545–50. PMID 8147932.

[pmid9667626-4] Kordossis T, Paikos S, Aroni K, Kitsanta P, Dimitrakopoulos A, Kavouklis E, Alevizou V, Kyriaki P, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM (June 1998). “Prevalence of Sjögren’s-like syndrome in a cohort of HIV-1-positive patients: descriptive pathology and immunopathology”. Br. J. Rheumatol. 37 (6): 691–5. PMID 9667626.

[pmid1346409-5] Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C, Ambrosini JC, Trinchet JC, Pateron D, Mal F, Callard P, Beaugrand M (February 1992). “Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjögren’s syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease”. Lancet. 339 (8789): 321–3. PMID 1346409.

[pmid7934493-6] Terada K, Katamine S, Eguchi K, Moriuchi R, Kita M, Shimada H, Yamashita I, Iwata K, Tsuji Y, Nagataki S (October 1994). “Prevalence of serum and salivary antibodies to HTLV-1 in Sjögren’s syndrome”. Lancet. 344 (8930): 1116–9. PMID 7934493.

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